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Fundamentals of Brake Systems
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Brake Drum
Function: Provides surface for brake shoes to create friction. Description: The brake drum is a rotating part of the drum brake system, which provides a surface for the brake shoes to press against and slow the rotation of the wheel.
Master Cylinder
Function: Converts mechanical force into hydraulic pressure. Description: The master cylinder is a device that transforms the force applied by the driver's foot on the brake pedal into hydraulic pressure, which is then used to actuate the brake calipers or wheel cylinders.
Brake Fluid Reservoir
Function: Holds the hydraulic fluid for the braking system. Description: The brake fluid reservoir is a container that stores the brake fluid and supplies it to the master cylinder as needed.
Vacuum Pump
Function: Provides vacuum for the power brake booster. Description: In vehicles that cannot provide sufficient vacuum from the engine manifold, a vacuum pump is used to supply the necessary vacuum to the power brake booster for proper operation.
Calipers
Function: Hold the brake pads and press them against the rotor. Description: Calipers are a part of the disc brake system which houses the brake pads and pistons; their main job is to slow the wheel's rotation by creating friction with the brake rotors.
Brake Lines and Hoses
Function: Transmit hydraulic pressure to the brakes. Description: Brake lines and hoses carry the hydraulic brake fluid from the master cylinder to each of the brakes, ensuring the pressure is distributed evenly to stop the vehicle.
Hydraulic Modulator
Function: Manages brake fluid pressure in ABS. Description: The hydraulic modulator contains solenoid valves controlled by the ABS to modulate the brake pressure to each wheel, thereby avoiding wheel lock up and skidding.
Brake Shoes
Function: Carry the friction material in drum brakes. Description: Brake shoes are a part of the drum braking system; they are curved pieces with friction material that press outward against the brake drum to stop the vehicle.
Proportioning Valve
Function: Balances braking between the front and rear wheels. Description: The proportioning valve is used in braking systems to adjust the pressure between the front and rear brakes, usually allowing more pressure to the front for stable and effective braking.
Piston
Function: Applies force to the brake pads or shoes. Description: Pistons within the calipers or wheel cylinders push the brake pads or shoes against the rotor or drum, creating the friction necessary to stop the vehicle.
Brake Lining
Function: Provides the friction surface in drum brakes. Description: Brake lining is the frictional material fixed to the surface of brake shoes. It creates the resistance needed against the brake drum to stop the vehicle.
Electronic Brake-force Distribution (EBD)
Function: Adjusts the distribution of brake force between front and rear. Description: EBD is a subsystem of ABS that calculates and applies the optimal brake force to each wheel for maximum braking efficiency and stability.
Brake Fade
Function: Describes the loss of braking effectiveness. Description: Brake fade occurs when the brakes overheat, resulting in a reduction of friction between the brake pads and rotors or brake shoes and drums, leading to diminished stopping power.
Regenerative Braking
Function: Recovers energy during braking. Description: Utilized in hybrid and electric vehicles, regenerative braking systems convert the vehicle's kinetic energy into electrical energy, which is then stored in the battery for later use.
Brake Rotor
Function: Acts as a surface for brake pads to apply friction. Description: The brake rotor, or disc, is the rotating part of a wheel's disc brake assembly against which the brake pads are applied to create the friction necessary to stop the vehicle.
Parking Brake
Function: Holds the vehicle stationary when parked. Description: Also known as the emergency brake, it is a secondary braking system that mechanically clamps the rear brakes, independent of the main hydraulic system.
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)
Function: Prevents wheel lock up during braking. Description: ABS is an electronic system that monitors the speed of each wheel and modulates brake pressure to prevent skidding and maintain steering control during heavy braking.
Brake Pads
Function: Provide friction to slow down the wheel. Description: Brake pads are components of disc brakes that, when pressed against the spinning brake disc (or rotor), create friction that slows down and stops the vehicle.
Wheel Cylinder
Function: Pushes the brake shoes against the drum to create friction. Description: The wheel cylinder is a component of drum brake systems. It exerts force onto the brake shoes, pressing them against the spinning brake drum to reduce speed and stop the vehicle.
Power Brake Booster
Function: Amplifies the force applied to the brake pedal. Description: The power brake booster uses engine vacuum or a hydraulic pump to multiply the driver's pedal effort, making it easier to apply sufficient braking pressure.
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