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A type of ECU that manages the automatic transmission of a vehicle, ensuring optimal gear shifts, performance, and fuel economy.

A safety device that protects electrical circuits from overcurrent by melting and interrupting the circuit when current exceeds a safe level.

An anti-lock braking system sensor that monitors wheel speed and sends this information to the ABS computer to prevent wheel lockup during braking.

Provides electrical energy to start the engine and powers vehicle electronics when the engine is off. Automotive batteries are rechargeable and supply the high current required by automobile starter motors.

Responsible for igniting the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber. It includes components like spark plugs and ignition coils and is controlled electronically in modern cars.

Controller Area Network (CAN) is a robust vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other without a host computer.

An electric motor that rotates the internal combustion engine to initiate the engine's operation under its own power.

An electronically controlled valve that delivers a precise amount of pressurized fuel into the combustion chamber, allowing for better fuel efficiency and lower emissions.

Sensors and a control module that together detect collisions and deploy airbags to protect occupants in the event of a car crash.

An exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction.

A sensor that monitors the position of the throttle in an internal combustion engine and sends the information to the ECU to regulate engine power and efficiency.

Measures the proportion of oxygen in the vehicle's exhaust gases and sends this information to the ECU to monitor and optimize the air-fuel ratio for efficient combustion.

On-Board Diagnostics II (OBD-II) is a standardized system that allows external electronics to interface with a car's computer system for diagnostics and reporting.

A sensor that measures the temperature of the engine's coolant and provides data to the ECU for maintaining optimal engine operating conditions.

Converts mechanical energy from the engine into electrical energy to recharge the battery and power the electrical system while the engine is running. Uses the principle of electromagnetic induction.

An electrically operated switch that allows a low-power circuit to control a high-power circuit, used to control large electrical loads and isolate electrical components.

A device that detects changes in physical quantities like temperature, pressure, or acceleration, and converts them into electronic signals for the vehicle’s computer systems.

Measures the amount of air entering the engine and sends this information to the ECU for balancing and delivering the correct fuel mass to the engine.

The 'brain' of a vehicle's electronic systems, which processes inputs from various sensors and controls actuators to manage engine operation, transmission shifts, and other vehicle functions.