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Actuators in Control Systems
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Servo
A rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration. Commonly used in radio-controlled devices, robotics, and CNC machinery.
Bimetallic
Comprises two different metals joined together that expand at different rates when heated, causing mechanical movement. Bimetallic actuators are used in thermostats and circuit breakers.
Hydraulic
Operating by the use of liquid fluid power, hydraulic actuators can exert large forces because liquids are nearly incompressible. Used in construction equipment like excavators and aircraft flight control systems.
Stepper Motor
An electric motor that divides a full rotation into a large number of steps. Widely used in applications requiring precise positioning like 3D printers, CNC machines, and surveillance cameras.
Electrohydraulic
Combines hydraulic and electric actuator principles, using an electric motor to drive hydraulic pumps. Electrohydraulic actuators are employed in heavy lifting systems and precision control of large valves.
Hydraulic Piston
Consists of a cylinder in which a piston moves driven by hydraulic pressure. Often used in heavy machinery for lifting, clamping, or pressing applications. An example is the brake system of many cars.
Voice Coil
A type of linear actuator that moves an object along a single axis. It operates on the same principle as a loudspeaker. Voice coils are used in precision positioning devices, such as in head positioning of HDDs.
Solenoid
Electromagnetic actuator that generates a controlled magnetic field when electrical current passes through a coil. Solenoids are often used to control valve operation or as relays in automobiles.
Thermal or Magnetic (shape memory alloys)
Operates by exploiting the properties of shape memory alloys (SMA) that change shape when heated or exposed to a magnetic field. Common in applications like actuators for small valves and robotics.
Pneumatic
Utilizes compressed air or gas to create mechanical motion. Pneumatic actuators are commonly used in factory automation systems such as robotic arms, and in tools like jackhammers.
Pneumatic Cylinder
Air or gas is compressed and decompressed in a pneumatic cylinder to create movement. This type of actuator is often found in industrial factory automation, for instance, in assembly line robotic arms.
Electric
Runs on electrical power and converts it into mechanical motion through electromagnetic fields. Electric actuators are used in hard drives, printers, and valves.
Piezoelectric
Uses the piezoelectric effect where certain materials generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. These actuators are highly precise and used in camera stabilization and atom-level precision tools.
Muscle Wire or Nitinol Wire
Made of shape memory alloy, contracts when heated. This actuator is often used in applications requiring small and precise movements, like robotics, medical devices, and wearable technology.
Linear Motor
An electric motor that has had its stator and rotor 'unrolled' so instead of producing a torque (rotation) it produces a linear force along its length. Used for maglev trains and automated factory processes.
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