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Actuators in Control Systems

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Servo

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A rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position, velocity, and acceleration. Commonly used in radio-controlled devices, robotics, and CNC machinery.

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Bimetallic

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Comprises two different metals joined together that expand at different rates when heated, causing mechanical movement. Bimetallic actuators are used in thermostats and circuit breakers.

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Hydraulic

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Operating by the use of liquid fluid power, hydraulic actuators can exert large forces because liquids are nearly incompressible. Used in construction equipment like excavators and aircraft flight control systems.

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Stepper Motor

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An electric motor that divides a full rotation into a large number of steps. Widely used in applications requiring precise positioning like 3D printers, CNC machines, and surveillance cameras.

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Electrohydraulic

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Combines hydraulic and electric actuator principles, using an electric motor to drive hydraulic pumps. Electrohydraulic actuators are employed in heavy lifting systems and precision control of large valves.

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Hydraulic Piston

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Consists of a cylinder in which a piston moves driven by hydraulic pressure. Often used in heavy machinery for lifting, clamping, or pressing applications. An example is the brake system of many cars.

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Voice Coil

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A type of linear actuator that moves an object along a single axis. It operates on the same principle as a loudspeaker. Voice coils are used in precision positioning devices, such as in head positioning of HDDs.

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Solenoid

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Electromagnetic actuator that generates a controlled magnetic field when electrical current passes through a coil. Solenoids are often used to control valve operation or as relays in automobiles.

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Thermal or Magnetic (shape memory alloys)

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Operates by exploiting the properties of shape memory alloys (SMA) that change shape when heated or exposed to a magnetic field. Common in applications like actuators for small valves and robotics.

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Pneumatic

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Utilizes compressed air or gas to create mechanical motion. Pneumatic actuators are commonly used in factory automation systems such as robotic arms, and in tools like jackhammers.

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Pneumatic Cylinder

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Air or gas is compressed and decompressed in a pneumatic cylinder to create movement. This type of actuator is often found in industrial factory automation, for instance, in assembly line robotic arms.

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Electric

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Runs on electrical power and converts it into mechanical motion through electromagnetic fields. Electric actuators are used in hard drives, printers, and valves.

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Piezoelectric

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Uses the piezoelectric effect where certain materials generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stress. These actuators are highly precise and used in camera stabilization and atom-level precision tools.

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Muscle Wire or Nitinol Wire

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Made of shape memory alloy, contracts when heated. This actuator is often used in applications requiring small and precise movements, like robotics, medical devices, and wearable technology.

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Linear Motor

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An electric motor that has had its stator and rotor 'unrolled' so instead of producing a torque (rotation) it produces a linear force along its length. Used for maglev trains and automated factory processes.

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