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A heuristic method for tuning PID controller parameters based on transient response characteristics of a particular system.

A feedback control system component designed to improve the stability or transient response by adding phase lead or lag to the system.

The time behavior of a system's output when subjected to a step input signal. It is a measure of the transient and steady-state responses of the system.

The amount of additional phase lag at the frequency where the magnitude of the transfer function is unity (or 0 dB) that would lead the system to become unstable.

A graphical representation of a system's frequency response, plotted with logarithmic axes showing magnitude and phase versus frequency.

A mathematical representation of the output behavior of a system compared to its input, assuming an initial state of zero. It's represented as the Laplace transform of the output divided by the input under zero initial conditions.

A graphical technique for determining the stability of a control system by examining the Nyquist plot of the open-loop transfer function.

A measure of the speed at which a system responds to changes. It is the time required for the system to reach approximately 63.2% of its final value.

An external or internal event that affects the performance of a control system, causing deviation from the desired output.

The ability of a control system to return to its original or desired state after being subjected to disturbances.

A control system that uses feedback to adjust its operation to achieve the desired output. The output influences the input.

An automatic device that utilizes feedback to perform mechanical movements accurately, often used in control systems.

The ratio of the output signal to the input signal of a system component. It indicates the degree to which a signal is amplified.

The delay between the application of an input and the observable effect in the output of a control system.

The range of frequencies over which the system operates effectively, often defined by the frequency at which the output power has dropped to half its peak value.

A control system that acts completely on its own without feedback. It does not use output to influence input decisions.

A mathematical algorithm that provides a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the stability of a system by constructing the Routh array.

A control system mechanism characterized by Proportional, Integral, and Derivative which adjust the control input to correct errors between desired and measured system states.

The extent to which the output of a control system exceeds the desired setpoint or steady-state value before settling.