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A minimum phase system is a system where the Bode magnitude and phase plots are related such that the system is stable if its poles and zeros are in the left half of the s-plane, leading to no excessive phase lag.

In the context of Bode plots, stability refers to the system's ability to return to its equilibrium state after being subjected to a disturbance. This is often inferred from the phase and gain margins.

Cutoff Frequency, also known as the -3dB frequency, is the frequency at which the magnitude of the system's frequency response decreases by 3 dB from its maximum.

System Order is indicated by the number of poles and zeros in the system, which is often reflected in the slope of the Bode magnitude plot at higher frequencies.

Slope Rate denotes the rate of change of the Bode magnitude plot. It's especially critical near the cutoff frequency and is often expressed in decibels per decade (dB/decade) or decibels per octave.

Phase Lead refers to the phase angle by which the output of the system leads the input signal. Frequently occurs at frequencies before the peak in the magnitude plot.

Resonant Frequency is the frequency at which the resonant peak occurs on a Bode plot, typically associated with the natural frequency of the system for a second-order system.

A non-minimum phase system contains one or more zeros in the right half of the s-plane, which can cause the phase plot to increase unexpectedly, leading to potential stability issues.

Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies over which the system responses adequately to an input signal, usually determined by the cutoff frequency.

Gain Margin is the amount of gain increase or decrease at the phase crossover frequency required to make the system unstable. A larger gain margin indicates a more stable system.

Phase Margin is the amount of additional phase lag at the gain crossover frequency required to bring the system to the verge of instability. A larger phase margin implies a more stable system.

Phase Crossover Frequency is the frequency at which the phase angle of the open-loop transfer function is -180 degrees, indicating the point where the phase crosses the -180-degree line.

Resonant Peak is the maximum peak in the magnitude plot of a frequency response, indicating a potential for large output responses at certain frequencies and potential for ringing in the time response.

Phase Lag refers to the phase angle by which the output of the system lags behind the input signal as a function of frequency, often at lower frequencies before the phase crossover.