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The Nyquist plot graphs the complex frequency response of a system and is used to assess stability. It can predict if a system is stable, marginally stable, or unstable based on the Nyquist stability criterion.

The complementary sensitivity function $T(j\omega) = 1 - S(j\omega)$, where $S(j\omega)$ is the sensitivity function, describes the response of the control system to disturbances and noise at the output. It impacts the robustness and stability of the feedback control.

The gain crossover frequency is the frequency at which the magnitude of the system's frequency response equals 1 (or 0 dB). It is used in conjunction with phase margin to assess stability.

A notch filter is a frequency-selective filter designed to attenuate a specific range of frequencies, such as resonant frequencies that could cause excessive vibrations or noise in a system.

A zero is a value of s (in the Laplace domain) at which the system's transfer function equals zero. Zeros affect the frequency response and can introduce phase advances or delays.

The cut-off frequency marks the point at which the system's frequency response starts to decline significantly, usually by 3 dB from the passband level. It characterizes the system's speed of response.

Peak gain refers to the maximum gain observed in the frequency response of a system. It indicates the highest amplification of the input signal, often leading to resonance issues.

This frequency is where the phase response of the system crosses 180 degrees. It is relevant in determining phase stability margins.

The resonant peak is the maximum value that the frequency response reaches at resonance. In control systems, a higher resonant peak indicates a system with greater oscillatory behavior and potential overshoot.

Roll-off rate is the rate at which the gain decreases with an increase in frequency beyond the cut-off point. It is significant as it affects the system's ability to attenuate high-frequency noise.

The passband of a system indicates the range of frequencies that are passed through with minimal attenuation. It’s critical for understanding what frequency range the system effectively operates over.

A Bode plot shows the system's frequency response, with magnitude and phase plotted over a range of frequencies. It's used to analyze system stability and performance.

Bandwidth in control systems refers to the range of frequencies over which the system responds adequately. It is significant as it determines the speed of the system's response and its ability to track rapid changes.

The quality factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes the damping of a system. It relates to the sharpness of the resonant peak and affects the system's transient behavior.

A pole in control systems is a value of s (in the Laplace domain) at which the system's transfer function approaches infinity. Poles determine the system's stability and transient response.

The gain margin is a measure of stability in the frequency domain. It indicates how much gain can be increased before the system becomes unstable. It is often measured in decibels (dB).

Loop gain is the product of the gains of all elements in the feedback loop of a control system. It is crucial for understanding the overall behavior of the feedback loop and its stability characteristics.

A lead compensator adds phase lead (positive phase shift) to the control system, typically to increase the phase margin and thus improve system stability or speed up the response.

The phase margin measures the difference between the current phase angle and 180 degrees at the gain crossover frequency. It specifies how far the system is from oscillatory instability.