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Pathology

Common Toxins and Antidotes

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Iron

Effects: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage, liver damage. Antidote: Deferoxamine or Deferasirox.

Isoniazid

Effects: Seizures, peripheral neuropathy. Antidote: Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6).

Ricin

Effects: Multi-organ failure. Antidote: Supportive care (no specific antidote).

Aflatoxin

Effects: Liver damage, possible carcinogen. Antidote: Supportive care and possible charcoal for decontamination.

Mushroom Toxins (e.g. Amanitin)

Effects: Severe gastrointestinal distress, liver failure. Antidote: Silibinin and supportive care.

Warfarin

Effects: Hemorrhage, bruising. Antidote: Vitamin K and Fresh Frozen Plasma.

Thallium

Effects: Alopecia, peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal distress. Antidote: Prussian blue.

Zinc Phosphide

Effects: Vomiting, metabolic acidosis, shock. Antidote: Supportive care with attention to correction of metabolic disturbances.

Ethylene Glycol

Effects: Metabolic acidosis, kidney failure. Antidote: Fomepizole or Ethanol.

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Effects: Cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, dry mouth. Antidote: Sodium bicarbonate.

Curare

Effects: Muscle paralysis, respiratory failure. Antidote: Mechanical ventilation and/or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.

Arsenic

Effects: Vomiting, hypotension, multi-organ failure. Antidote: Dimercaprol or Succimer.

Organophosphates

Effects: SLUDGE syndrome, respiratory failure. Antidote: Atropine and pralidoxime.

Heavy Metals (e.g., Lead, Mercury, Arsenic)

Effects: Varies by metal, often neurotoxicity. Antidote: Chelation therapy (e.g., dimercaprol, EDTA).

Amphetamines

Effects: Hyperactivity, hypertension, stroke. Antidote: Supportive care (no specific antidote).

Botulinum Toxin

Effects: Muscle paralysis, respiratory failure. Antidote: Antitoxin and supportive care.

Acetaminophen

Effects: Liver damage, nausea, vomiting. Antidote: N-acetylcysteine (NAC).

Beta Blockers

Effects: Bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest. Antidote: Glucagon.

Carbon Monoxide

Effects: Hypoxia, cherry-red skin, confusion. Antidote: 100% Oxygen or Hyperbaric Oxygen.

Phencyclidine (PCP)

Effects: Delirium, hallucinations, violent behavior. Antidote: Supportive care and possible benzodiazepines for sedation.

Cyanide

Effects: Cellular asphyxiation, seizures, cardiac arrest. Antidote: Hydroxocobalamin or Sodium thiosulfate.

Chlorine Gas

Effects: Respiratory irritation, pulmonary edema. Antidote: Oxygen and supportive care.

Benzodiazepines

Effects: Sedation, respiratory depression. Antidote: Flumazenil.

Sarin

Effects: SLUDGE syndrome, respiratory failure. Antidote: Atropine and pralidoxime.

Strychnine

Effects: Severe muscle spasms, convulsions, death. Antidote: Supportive care including muscle relaxants and sedatives.

Tetanus Toxin

Effects: Muscle rigidity, spasms, respiratory failure. Antidote: Tetanus immunoglobulin and supportive care.

Opioids

Effects: Respiratory depression, miosis, unconsciousness. Antidote: Naloxone.

Methanol

Effects: Visual disturbances, metabolic acidosis. Antidote: Fomepizole or Ethanol.

Carbon Tetrachloride

Effects: Liver necrosis, renal failure. Antidote: Supportive care (no specific antidote).

Digoxin

Effects: Cardiac arrhythmias, vision changes, confusion. Antidote: Digoxin-specific antibody fragments (Digibind).

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