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Symptoms: Sudden decline in kidney function, reduced urine output Causes: Loss of blood flow to kidneys, direct damage, urine blockage Treatment: Treatment of underlying cause, fluid management, renal replacement therapy if necessary

Symptoms: Anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute kidney injury Causes: E. coli infection, genetic mutations, certain medications Treatment: Supportive care, plasma exchange, RRT for AKI

Symptoms: Hematuria, edema, hypertension Causes: Infection with Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci Treatment: Antibiotics, supportive care, diuretics for edema

Symptoms: Proteinuria, progressive CKD, swelling of limbs Causes: Long-standing diabetes, poor glycemic control Treatment: ACE inhibitors, blood sugar management, dietary protein restriction

Symptoms: Hematuria, coughing up blood, anemia Causes: Autoimmune disease targeting glomerular basement membrane Treatment: Plasmapheresis, immunosuppressive drugs, corticosteroids

Symptoms: Hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension Causes: IgA immune complexes deposit in glomeruli Treatment: Blood pressure control, fish oil, immunosuppressants may be used

Symptoms: Proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, swelling Causes: Autoimmune reaction, certain medications, infections Treatment: Immunosuppressive therapy, ACE inhibitors, anticoagulation if at risk for blood clots

Symptoms: Nephrotic syndrome, minimal proteinuria Causes: Idiopathic, sometimes post-infection Treatment: Corticosteroids, cyclophosphamide, supportive care

Symptoms: Proteinuria, hematuria, edema Causes: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Treatment: Immunosuppressive medications, corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine

Symptoms: Nephrotic syndrome, fatigue, cardiomyopathy Causes: Deposition of amyloid proteins in organs including the kidneys Treatment: Chemotherapy, stem cell transplant, organ supportive care

Symptoms: Hypertension, reduced kidney function Causes: Atherosclerosis, fibromuscular dysplasia Treatment: Blood pressure medications, angioplasty with stent placement, possible surgery

Symptoms: Abdominal mass, hematuria, hypertension Causes: Genetic mutations, WAGR syndrome Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy

Symptoms: Hypertension, abdominal pain, blood in urine Causes: Genetic disorder Treatment: Blood pressure control, pain management, lifestyle changes, monitoring for complications

Symptoms: Flank pain, nausea, urinary issues Causes: Urinary tract obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux Treatment: Relieving obstruction, antibiotics if infection is present, possible surgery

Symptoms: Proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, CKD progression Causes: Idiopathic, genetic, secondary to other diseases Treatment: Corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, possibly plasmapheresis

Symptoms: Asymptomatic typically, possible hydronephrosis or stones Causes: Congenital abnormality with kidney fusion Treatment: Monitoring, treatment of complications such as UTIs or stones

Symptoms: Heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema Causes: Diabetic kidney disease, minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy Treatment: Corticosteroids, diuretics, possibly immunosuppressants

Symptoms: Hematuria, high-tone sensorineural hearing loss, eye abnormalities Causes: Genetic mutation affecting collagen in kidneys Treatment: ACE inhibitors, hearing aids, renal transplantation if needed

Symptoms: Severe pain, hematuria, nausea Causes: Dehydration, dietary factors, genetic predisposition Treatment: Pain relief, fluid intake, lithotripsy, surgical removal if necessary

Symptoms: Hypokalemia, muscle weakness, bone pain Causes: Inherited disorders, autoimmune conditions, obstruction Treatment: Alkali therapy (sodium bicarbonate), dietary changes, treat underlying causes

Symptoms: Fatigue, hypertension, fluid retention Causes: Diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis Treatment: Manage blood pressure and diabetes, diet modifications, possibly dialysis or transplant

Symptoms: Dysuria, urinary frequency, pelvic pain Causes: Bacterial infection, usually E. coli Treatment: Antibiotics, increased fluid intake, urinary analgesics

Symptoms: Decreased urine output, fatigue, confusion Causes: Drug reactions, infections, autoimmune diseases Treatment: Cessation of causative drugs, corticosteroids, dialysis if severe

Symptoms: Blood in urine, flank pain, weight loss Causes: Genetics, smoking, obesity Treatment: Surgery, targeted therapy, immunotherapy

Symptoms: Proteinuria, high blood pressure, kidney failure Causes: Chronic, poorly controlled hypertension Treatment: Blood pressure control, ACE inhibitors, dialysis if necessary

Symptoms: Pain in hands and feet, angiokeratomas, renal impairment Causes: X-linked genetic deficiency of alpha-galactosidase A enzyme Treatment: Enzyme replacement therapy, pain management, dialysis or transplant if needed

Symptoms: Hypercalciuria, kidney stones, rickets Causes: X-linked genetic mutation affecting renal tubules Treatment: Thiazide diuretics, increased fluid intake, dietary modifications

Symptoms: Hematuria, proteinuria, edema Causes: Infections, autoimmune diseases, vasculitis Treatment: Immunosuppressive drugs, plasmapheresis, treating the underlying condition

Symptoms: Polyuria, growth retardation, hypokalemia Causes: Genetically inherited defects in renal tubular function Treatment: Potassium-sparing diuretics, magnesium supplements, NSAIDs

Symptoms: Polyuria, salt-wasting, chronic kidney failure Causes: Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern Treatment: Management of electrolyte imbalances, blood pressure control, monitoring kidney function

Symptoms: Kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis, eventual renal failure Causes: Genetic defect in oxalate metabolism or excessive dietary oxalate Treatment: High fluid intake, oxalate-restrictive diet, dialysis and transplantation if kidney failure occurs

Symptoms: Muscle pain and weakness, dark urine, renal failure Causes: Muscle injury, excessive exercise, certain medications or toxins Treatment: IV fluids, electrolyte correction, sometimes dialysis

Symptoms: Muscle cramps, weakness, hypomagnesemia Causes: Genetic mutations affecting thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter Treatment: Salt and magnesium supplementation, potassium-sparing diuretics

Symptoms: Hematuria, nephrolithiasis, urinary tract infections Causes: Congenital abnormality in renal tubules Treatment: Increased fluid intake, stone management, monitoring for infections