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Types of Bacteria
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Salmonella spp.
Diseases: Salmonellosis, typhoid fever Resistance Features: Multidrug resistance plasmids, efflux pumps
Staphylococcus aureus
Diseases: Staphylococcal infections, MRSA Resistance Features: Beta-lactamase production, altered penicillin-binding proteins
Escherichia coli
Diseases: Urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis Resistance Features: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), Fluoroquinolone resistance
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Diseases: Pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media Resistance Features: Altered penicillin-binding proteins, efflux pump overexpression
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Diseases: Pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections Resistance Features: Carbapenemases production (e.g., KPC), ESBLs
Treponema pallidum
Diseases: Syphilis Resistance Features: Low metabolic rate, reduced peptidoglycan layer
Francisella tularensis
Diseases: Tularemia Resistance Features: Intracellular survival, resistance to chemical and physical agents
Chlamydia trachomatis
Diseases: Chlamydia, trachoma Resistance Features: Intracellular lifestyle, evasion of host defenses
Haemophilus influenzae
Diseases: Meningitis, otitis media, epiglottitis Resistance Features: Beta-lactamase production, altered penicillin-binding proteins
Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis
Diseases: Urinary tract infections, endocarditis, biliary tree infections Resistance Features: Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), thick cell wall, biofilm formation
Campylobacter jejuni
Diseases: Campylobacteriosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome Resistance Features: Multidrug resistance, efflux pumps, mutation in target proteins
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Diseases: Tuberculosis Resistance Features: Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), extensive drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Diseases: Gonorrhea Resistance Features: Beta-lactamase production, altered penicillin-binding proteins, efflux pumps
Neisseria meningitidis
Diseases: Meningococcal meningitis, septicemia Resistance Features: Penicillin resistance, vaccination available
Clostridioides difficile
Diseases: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis Resistance Features: Spore formation, antibiotic resistance genes
Coxiella burnetii
Diseases: Q fever Resistance Features: Endospore-like resistance, intracellular survival
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Diseases: Atypical pneumonia Resistance Features: Lack of cell wall, antigenic variation
Yersinia pestis
Diseases: Plague Resistance Features: Antiphagocytic capsule, type III secretion system
Shigella spp.
Diseases: Shigellosis, bacillary dysentery Resistance Features: Multidrug resistance, plasmid-encoded resistance
Gardnerella vaginalis
Diseases: Bacterial vaginosis Resistance Features: Biofilm formation, adherence to epithelial cells
Streptococcus pyogenes
Diseases: Strep throat, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fasciitis Resistance Features: Hyaluronic acid capsule, M protein, streptokinase production
Lactobacillus species
Diseases: Rarely pathogenic, can cause bacteremia or endocarditis in immunocompromised individuals Resistance Features: Generally sensitive to antibiotics, some species have intrinsic resistance to vancomycin
Borrelia burgdorferi
Diseases: Lyme disease Resistance Features: Antigenic variation, ability to evade the immune response
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Diseases: Hospital-acquired infections, cystic fibrosis lung infections Resistance Features: Multidrug resistance, biofilm formation, efflux pumps
Acinetobacter baumannii
Diseases: Hospital-acquired infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections Resistance Features: Multidrug resistance, surface polysaccharide alterations, efflux pumps
Helicobacter pylori
Diseases: Gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric cancer Resistance Features: Urease production, biofilm formation, efflux pumps
Bacillus anthracis
Diseases: Anthrax Resistance Features: Capsule, toxin production, naturally occurring strains with antibiotic resistance
Vibrio cholerae
Diseases: Cholera Resistance Features: Toxin production, persistence in aquatic environments
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diseases: Diphtheria Resistance Features: Toxin production, lysogenic bacteriophage
Brucella spp.
Diseases: Brucellosis Resistance Features: Intracellular survival, inhibition of phagosome-lysosome fusion
Propionibacterium acnes
Diseases: Acne vulgaris Resistance Features: Biofilm formation, slow growth
Legionella pneumophila
Diseases: Legionnaires' disease, Pontiac fever Resistance Features: Intracellular growth, survival in protozoa, resistance to standard water disinfection
Leptospira interrogans
Diseases: Leptospirosis Resistance Features: Spirochete motility, survival in water
Rickettsia rickettsii
Diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever Resistance Features: Intracellular survival, evasion of host immune response
Listeria monocytogenes
Diseases: Listeriosis Resistance Features: Ability to survive in cold temperatures, intracellular growth
Bordetella pertussis
Diseases: Whooping cough Resistance Features: Toxin production, adherence factors
Streptococcus agalactiae
Diseases: Neonatal infections, meningitis, sepsis Resistance Features: Capsular polysaccharide, CAMP factor, beta-hemolysis
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