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Key Principles: Classless society, common ownership of means of production, abolition of private property. Founders: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels. Historical Role: Led to the establishment of communist states during the 20th century, most notably the USSR.

Key Principles: Private ownership, free market, profit motive. Founders: Adam Smith is often cited as a key figure. Historical Role: Industrialization, Western development, and the global economic system since the 19th century.

Key Principles: Social ownership of the means of production, distribution based on one's contribution, welfare state. Founders: Henri de Saint-Simon, Robert Owen. Historical Role: Influenced various social democratic governments and welfare policies.

Key Principles: Individual freedom, civil liberties, political pluralism. Founders: John Locke, Montesquieu. Historical Role: Formation of constitutional democracies, shaping Western political and social thought.

Key Principles: Tradition, authority, hierarchy. Founders: Edmund Burke is a seminal figure. Historical Role: Advocating for continuity and stability in society, opposing radical change.

Key Principles: Authoritarian nationalism, centralized power, suppression of opposition. Founders: Benito Mussolini is a primary figure. Historical Role: Establishment of totalitarian regimes in mid-20th century Europe, leading to WWII.

Key Principles: Abolition of the state, self-governance, non-hierarchical organization. Founders: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakunin. Historical Role: Influenced workers' movements and social revolutions, though never established a permanent society.

Key Principles: Gender equality, advocacy of women's rights, social reform. Founders: Early figures include Mary Wollstonecraft, Susan B. Anthony. Historical Role: Women's suffrage, gender equality legislation.

Key Principles: Conservation of the environment, sustainability, reduction of human impact on the earth. Founders: Rachel Carson is often cited for modern environmentalism. Historical Role: Environmental legislation, global awareness movements such as Earth Day.

Key Principles: Individual liberty, limited government, free market. Founders: Many trace its roots to classical liberalism and figures such as John Stuart Mill. Historical Role: Influencing policies towards deregulation and free trade.

Key Principles: Greatest happiness principle, consequentialism, utility maximization. Founders: Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill. Historical Role: Influencing legal and economic policies based on the calculation of pleasure over pain.

Key Principles: Rule by a monarch, royal sovereignty, hereditary succession. Founders: Historical monarchist systems date back centuries with no single founder. Historical Role: Foundation of many historical societies and governments until democratization.

Key Principles: Elected representation, civic virtue, common good. Founders: Ancient forms started with Roman Republic, modern theories include Montesquieu. Historical Role: Influencing democratic revolutions, foundation of many modern states.

Key Principles: Total control by the state, repression of political dissent, propaganda used to maintain power. Founders: Not associated with a single founder; figures like Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler exemplified this ideology. Historical Role: Led to several repressive regimes in the 20th century.

Key Principles: Rule by religious authority, religious law as civil law, governance by divine guidance. Founders: No single founder; varies by religion. Historical Role: Control of political and social systems in various ancient and some modern societies.

Key Principles: Patriotic sentiment, political independence for a particular country, national identity. Founders: The concept evolved over time with many contributors. Historical Role: Influencing the formation of nation-states, nationalism-driven conflicts.

Key Principles: Political democracy alongside a mixed economy, welfare state, and collective bargaining. Founders: Not exclusively one founder but includes figures like Eduard Bernstein. Historical Role: Reform towards social justice within capitalist societies.

Key Principles: Individual freedom, personal authenticity, life's inherent meaninglessness. Founders: Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche, later Jean-Paul Sartre. Historical Role: Influencing literature, philosophy, and the arts, rarely influencing political systems directly.

Key Principles: Social harmony, respect for authority, value on education and family loyalty. Founders: Confucius. Historical Role: Shaping East Asian societies' values, governmental structures, and moral philosophies.