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Roman military general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. Key ideas include centralization of power and reform of the calendar (Julian calendar).

Chinese philosopher whose teachings emphasize morality, family loyalty, and the propriety of social relationships. Key ideas include Confucianism and the concept of 'Ren' (benevolence).

Classical Greek philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy. Key ideas include the Socratic method and the pursuit of ethical knowledge.

King of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Key ideas include cultural assimilation and the spread of Hellenistic civilization.

Last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, known for her relationships with Roman statesmen Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Key ideas include political alliance through personal relationships.

Founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Roman emperor. Key ideas include establishing the Pax Romana and reforming Roman governance.

Philosopher in Classical Greece and founder of the Academy in Athens. Key ideas include the Theory of Forms and the concept of philosopher kings.

Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Key ideas include the Golden Mean, logic, and classification of sciences.

Founder and first Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his passing. Key ideas include use of the Mongolian military tactics and religious tolerance.

Queen of England and Ireland who reigned during a period known as the Elizabethan era, famous for the flourishing of English drama. Key ideas include religious tolerance and the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Key ideas include the Napoleonic Code and the spread of revolutionary ideas.

German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary socialist. Key ideas include Marxism, class conflict, and the critique of political economy.

British statesman who served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War. Known for his leadership and famous speeches.

Leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule employing nonviolent civil disobedience. Key ideas include Satyagraha and the philosophy of nonviolent resistance.

Anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader who served as President of South Africa. His key contributions include the dismantlement of apartheid and promotion of reconciliation.

American Founding Father, principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and third President of the United States. Key ideas include the principles of republicanism and individual rights.

Italian polymath whose areas of interest included invention, drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, botany, writing, history, and cartography. Key ideas include the Renaissance Man and observational science.

Italian Renaissance diplomat, philosopher, and writer, often called the father of modern political science. Key ideas include political realism and analysis of power dynamics.

German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Key ideas include the categorical imperative and the critique of pure reason.

Chinese communist revolutionary and founding father of the People's Republic of China. Key ideas include Maoism and the Cultural Revolution.

German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Key ideas include the criticism of the Catholic Church's corrupt practices and the doctrine of salvation by faith alone.

Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue. Key ideas include the unconscious mind, the interpretation of dreams, and psychosexual development.

German politician and leader of the Nazi Party who rose to power as Chancellor of Germany and later Führer. Key ideas include Nazism, the establishment of a totalitarian state, and the execution of the Holocaust.

Venezuelan military and political leader who played a leading role in the establishment of Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama as sovereign states, independent of Spanish rule. Key ideas include Latin American independence and Bolivarianism.

Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art. Key ideas include the representation of the human body and Renaissance humanism.

British stateswoman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party. Key ideas include Thatcherism, economic liberalization, and deregulation.

American political leader and 32nd President of the United States whose New Deal domestic policies defined American liberalism for the middle third of the 20th century.

American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States. Key ideas include the promotion of the U.S. space program and the establishment of the Peace Corps.

Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of the 18th-century Enlightenment whose political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe.

Physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. Key contributions include the theory of radioactivity, techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of the elements polonium and radium.

Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath, from Pisa. Galileo has been called the 'father of observational astronomy', the 'father of modern physics', and the 'father of the scientific method'.

Argentine Marxist revolutionary, physician, author, guerrilla leader, diplomat, and military theorist. A major figure of the Cuban Revolution, his stylized visage has become a ubiquitous countercultural symbol.

Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the head of government of Soviet Russia and of the Soviet Union.

American political leader, military general, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States.

American statesman, politician, conservationist, naturalist, and writer who served as the 26th president of the United States.

Chinese philosopher, physician, and politician, who served as the provisional first president of the Republic of China and the first leader of the Kuomintang.

Soviet political leader who ruled the Soviet Union as its dictator for nearly a quarter of a century.

American Christian minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.

American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

French army officer and statesman who led Free France against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic.

Cuban revolutionary and politician who served as Prime Minister of Cuba and later President for nearly five decades.

One of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Franklin was a leading writer, printer, political philosopher, politician, Freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humorist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat.

American statesman, politician, legal scholar, military commander, lawyer, banker, and economist who was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

King of England, best known for his six marriages and his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church.

French peasant girl who, believing that she was acting under divine guidance, led the French army in a momentous victory at Orléans during the Hundred Years' War, which led to the coronation of Charles VII.

Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and Empress of India. Her reign of 63 years and seven months was longer than that of any of her predecessors and is known as the Victorian era.

American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States and preserved the Union during the Civil War.

English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the 'Father of Liberalism'.

Lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's creation on 14 August 1947, and then as Pakistan's first Governor-General until his death.