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Renaissance and Enlightenment Thinkers
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Franciscus Bacon
Not to be confused with his namesake Francis Bacon, he was an English philosopher and statesman who served as attorney general and as Lord Chancellor of England.
Voltaire
Prominent writer, historian, and philosopher who advocated for freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state.
Baruch Spinoza
Developed a monist philosophy as presented in 'Ethics', in which he defines God and Nature as two names for a single reality.
Erasmus of Rotterdam
Key figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a pure Latin style and criticized the abuses in the Catholic Church.
Isaac Newton
Established the laws of motion and universal gravitation, and significantly contributed to optics and calculus (, ).
David Hume
Philosopher known for his empirical skepticism and his advocacy of the science of man.
Blaise Pascal
Made significant contributions to mathematics and physics, including Pascal's Theorem in projective geometry and Pascal's Law in hydrostatics, also known for Pascal's Wager in philosophy.
Paracelsus
Pioneer in the medical revolution during the Renaissance, emphasizing the use of chemistry in medicine.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system in his work 'De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'.
Leonardo da Vinci
Polymath with significant contributions as an artist, inventor, engineer, and scientist. Notable works include 'Mona Lisa' and 'The Last Supper'.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Authored 'The Social Contract', where he argued that government should be based on the general will of the people.
Thomas Hobbes
Known for his political philosophy, particularly his social contract theory in 'Leviathan', emphasizing a strong central government.
William Harvey
Discovered the circulation of blood and described how the heart functions as a pump in his work 'De motu cordis'.
Niccolò Machiavelli
Author of 'The Prince', advocating for the realistic consideration of how to obtain and maintain power as a ruler.
Michelangelo Buonarroti
Master artist and sculptor, responsible for the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the statue of David.
Adam Smith
The 'father of modern economics', best known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations', where he described the idea of the 'invisible hand' and advocated for free-market capitalism.
Denis Diderot
Co-founder and chief editor of 'Encyclopédie', which spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe.
Andreas Vesalius
Founder of modern human anatomy, with major work 'De humani corporis fabrica' overturning misconceptions dating back to Galen.
Johannes Kepler
Formulated the three laws of planetary motion, effectively laying the groundwork for celestial mechanics.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Co-inventor of calculus, made significant contributions to logic, philosophy, and the development of binary number system.
John Locke
Advanced the theory of contractarianism, advocated for the rights of life, liberty, and property in 'Two Treatises of Government'.
Francis Bacon
Advocated the scientific method and empirical research in his works 'Novum Organum' and 'The Advancement of Learning'.
Montesquieu
Introduced the idea of separation of powers in his book 'The Spirit of the Laws'.
Nicolas Malebranche
Philosopher who sought to synthesize the thought of St. Augustine and Descartes, known for his doctrine of 'Occasionalism'.
Tycho Brahe
Astronomer known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations, which were used by Kepler.
Rene Descartes
Developed Cartesian geometry, advocated for the use of reason as the best way to understand the world, famous for 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am).
Thomas More
Famous for his book 'Utopia' which described an ideal society, and for his steadfast refusal to accept King Henry VIII's claim to be supreme head of the Church of England.
Galileo Galilei
Developed telescopic astronomy, formulated laws of motion, and supported heliocentrism.
Giordano Bruno
Supported the Copernican system and the infinity of the universe, eventually burned at the stake for his controversial views.
Immanuel Kant
Critical philosopher who established a new widespread foundation for the natural sciences in his 'Critique of Pure Reason'.
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