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Developed telescopic astronomy, formulated laws of motion, and supported heliocentrism.

Proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system in his work 'De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'.

Formulated the three laws of planetary motion, effectively laying the groundwork for celestial mechanics.

Established the laws of motion and universal gravitation, and significantly contributed to optics and calculus ($F = ma$, $F = G\frac{m_1m_2}{r^2}$).

Advocated the scientific method and empirical research in his works 'Novum Organum' and 'The Advancement of Learning'.

Developed Cartesian geometry, advocated for the use of reason as the best way to understand the world, famous for 'Cogito, ergo sum' (I think, therefore I am).

Master artist and sculptor, responsible for the Sistine Chapel ceiling and the statue of David.

Polymath with significant contributions as an artist, inventor, engineer, and scientist. Notable works include 'Mona Lisa' and 'The Last Supper'.

Known for his political philosophy, particularly his social contract theory in 'Leviathan', emphasizing a strong central government.

Advanced the theory of contractarianism, advocated for the rights of life, liberty, and property in 'Two Treatises of Government'.

Introduced the idea of separation of powers in his book 'The Spirit of the Laws'.

Prominent writer, historian, and philosopher who advocated for freedom of speech, religion, and separation of church and state.

Authored 'The Social Contract', where he argued that government should be based on the general will of the people.

The 'father of modern economics', best known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations', where he described the idea of the 'invisible hand' and advocated for free-market capitalism.

Co-founder and chief editor of 'Encyclopédie', which spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe.

Made significant contributions to mathematics and physics, including Pascal's Theorem in projective geometry and Pascal's Law in hydrostatics, also known for Pascal's Wager in philosophy.

Co-inventor of calculus, made significant contributions to logic, philosophy, and the development of binary number system.

Philosopher who sought to synthesize the thought of St. Augustine and Descartes, known for his doctrine of 'Occasionalism'.

Developed a monist philosophy as presented in 'Ethics', in which he defines God and Nature as two names for a single reality.

Supported the Copernican system and the infinity of the universe, eventually burned at the stake for his controversial views.

Astronomer known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations, which were used by Kepler.

Pioneer in the medical revolution during the Renaissance, emphasizing the use of chemistry in medicine.

Discovered the circulation of blood and described how the heart functions as a pump in his work 'De motu cordis'.

Founder of modern human anatomy, with major work 'De humani corporis fabrica' overturning misconceptions dating back to Galen.

Not to be confused with his namesake Francis Bacon, he was an English philosopher and statesman who served as attorney general and as Lord Chancellor of England.

Author of 'The Prince', advocating for the realistic consideration of how to obtain and maintain power as a ruler.

Famous for his book 'Utopia' which described an ideal society, and for his steadfast refusal to accept King Henry VIII's claim to be supreme head of the Church of England.

Key figure in classical scholarship who wrote in a pure Latin style and criticized the abuses in the Catholic Church.

Philosopher known for his empirical skepticism and his advocacy of the science of man.