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Significant Economic Crises

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Great Depression

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Time Period: 1929-1939, Causes: Stock Market Crash of 1929, Bank Failures, Reduction in Purchasing, American Economic Policy with Europe, Drought Conditions, Global Impact: Worldwide GDP dropped, Unemployment rose, Trade reduced globally, led to political unrest and rise of totalitarian regimes.

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OPEC Oil Price Shock

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Time Period: 1973, Causes: Yom Kippur War, OPEC embargoed oil to countries supporting Israel, Decreased oil production, Global Impact: Inflation and recession in many Western countries, long-term energy conservation and interest in alternative fuels.

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Asian Financial Crisis

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Time Period: 1997-1998, Causes: High external debt-to-GDP ratios, Real estate bubble, Lack of foreign exchange reserves, Global Impact: Stock market declines, Currency depreciation in affected countries, Increase in private debt.

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Dot-com Bubble

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Time Period: 1995-2001, Causes: Excessive speculation in Internet-related companies, Irrational exuberance, Loose monetary policy, Global Impact: Stock market crashed, Many Internet-based companies closed, Reduced investor confidence.

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Global Financial Crisis

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Time Period: 2007-2008, Causes: Subprime mortgage crisis, Excessive risk-taking by banks, Inadequate regulation, Global Impact: Financial institutions collapsed, Global stock market drops, Major government interventions in economies.

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European Debt Crisis

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Time Period: 2009-2013, Causes: Accumulation of government debt, Global Financial Crisis spillover, Structural problems in Eurozone economies, Global Impact: Sovereign debt downgrades, Austerity measures, Strain on the Euro and potential exit discussions.

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Russian Financial Crisis

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Time Period: 1998, Causes: Decline in commodity prices, High foreign debt, Political turmoil, Global Impact: Default on domestic debt, Currency devaluation, IMF and World Bank assistance.

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Argentine Economic Crisis

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Time Period: 1999-2002, Causes: Over-reliance on the pegged exchange rate, Large-scale withdrawal of deposits, Fiscal deficits, Global Impact: Massive social protests, Unprecedented private and public debt defaults, Repercussions in regional economies.

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Venezuelan Crisis

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Time Period: 2010-present, Causes: Economic policies of the Chavez and Maduro governments, Decline in oil prices, Hyperinflation, Global Impact: Humanitarian crisis, Mass migration of Venezuelans, Strain on relations with regional countries.

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Turkish Currency and Debt Crisis

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Time Period: 2018, Causes: Accumulation of foreign-denominated debt, Political interference in the Central Bank, Loss of investor confidence, Global Impact: Substantial Turkish lira depreciation, Inflation surge, Economic downturn.

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Brazilian Economic Crisis

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Time Period: 2014-2017, Causes: Political corruption scandals, Commodity price drop, Fiscal mismanagement, Global Impact: Largest recession in Brazilian history, Increased unemployment, Investment rating downgrades.

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Mexican Peso Crisis

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Time Period: 1994-1995, Causes: Overvalued peso, Political assassinations, Loss of investor confidence, Global Impact: Implementation of NAFTA affected, U.S. financial assistance, Emerging markets experienced capital flight.

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South African Rand Crisis

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Time Period: 2001, Causes: Global economic slowdown, Domestic political uncertainty, Widespread HIV/AIDS impact, Global Impact: Decreased foreign investments, Shift in regional trade dynamics, Rating agency downgrades.

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Zimbabwean Hyperinflation

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Time Period: 2004-2009, Causes: Land reform programs, Fiscal deficits, Political corruption, Global Impact: Unprecedented levels of inflation, Collapse of the national currency, Widespread poverty and famine.

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Icelandic Financial Crisis

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Time Period: 2008-2011, Causes: Banking system overexpansion, Global credit crunch, Real estate bubble, Global Impact: Collapse of major banks, Severe economic contraction, International bailout required.

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