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Purpose: To detect the presence of the aether, Year Conducted: 1887, Conclusion: Found no significant difference in the speed of light in different directions, discrediting the aether theory.

Purpose: To measure the electric charge of a single electron, Year Conducted: 1909, Conclusion: Determined the charge of an electron to be approximately $1.6 imes 10^{-19}$ coulombs.

Purpose: To investigate the structure of the atom, Year Conducted: 1909, Conclusion: Led to the discovery that atoms have a small, dense nucleus.

Purpose: To study behavioral conditioning, Year Conducted: 1890s, Conclusion: Established the principles of classical conditioning with dogs.

Purpose: Initially accidental, Year Conducted: 1928, Conclusion: Discovery of penicillin, the first true antibiotic.

Purpose: To understand how traits are inherited, Year Conducted: 1856 to 1863, Conclusion: Established the laws of inheritance, including dominant and recessive traits.

Purpose: To prove that lightning is a form of electricity, Year Conducted: 1752, Conclusion: Demonstrated the electrical nature of lightning.

Purpose: To study the acceleration due to gravity, Year Conducted: 1589, Conclusion: Demonstrated that objects fall at the same rate regardless of their mass.

Purpose: To disprove spontaneous generation, Year Conducted: 1860s, Conclusion: Established that microorganisms cause food spoilage and disease (germ theory).

Purpose: To study the nature of light, Year Conducted: 1801, Conclusion: Provided evidence for the wave theory of light.

Purpose: To understand the relationship between magnetic fields and electric currents, Year Conducted: 1831, Conclusion: Generated an electric current by changing the magnetic field, leading to the law of electromagnetic induction.

Purpose: To explain the behavior of black holes, Year Conducted: 1974, Conclusion: Theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, now known as Hawking radiation.

Purpose: To classify the elements, Year Conducted: 1869, Conclusion: Created the periodic table, predicting the existence and properties of new elements.

Purpose: To determine the structure of DNA, Year Conducted: 1953, Conclusion: Revealed the double helix structure of DNA.

Purpose: To analyze the motion of galaxies, Year Conducted: 1929, Conclusion: Provided evidence for the expansion of the universe.

Purpose: To explore the limits of quantum mechanics, Year Conducted: 1927, Conclusion: Demonstrated that certain pairs of physical properties, like position and momentum, cannot both be known to arbitrary precision.

Purpose: To illustrate the paradoxes of quantum mechanics, Year Conducted: 1935, Conclusion: Highlighted the strangeness of quantum superposition using the metaphor of a cat being simultaneously alive and dead.

Purpose: To study the psychological effects of perceived power, Year Conducted: 1971, Conclusion: Demonstrated the ease with which people could conform to the roles of guard and prisoner, leading to extreme behaviors.

Purpose: To investigate the properties of cathode rays, Year Conducted: 1897, Conclusion: Proved the existence of electrons and determined their mass-to-charge ratio.

Purpose: To demonstrate the Earth's rotation, Year Conducted: 1851, Conclusion: Provided simple, direct evidence of Earth’s rotation through the pendulum's changing swing plane.

Purpose: To account for missing mass in atoms, Year Conducted: 1932, Conclusion: Discovered the neutron, explaining the presence of atomic mass that wasn't accounted for by protons and electrons.

Purpose: To find a westward route to the Spice Islands, Year Conducted: 1519-1522, Conclusion: Proved that the Earth could be circumnavigated by sea.

Purpose: To test a sensitive radio receiver, Year Conducted: 1965, Conclusion: Accidentally discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation, providing evidence for the Big Bang theory.

Purpose: To understand chemical reactions, Year Conducted: Late 18th century, Conclusion: Determined that mass is conserved in chemical reactions, leading to the law of conservation of mass.

Purpose: To calculate the Earth's circumference, Year Conducted: Circa 240 BC, Conclusion: Accurately estimated the Earth's circumference using geometric calculations.

Purpose: To understand why some minerals were affecting photographic plates, Year Conducted: 1896, Conclusion: Discovered natural radioactivity.

Purpose: To study the natural progression of syphilis, Year Conducted: 1932-1972, Conclusion: Revealed serious ethical issues in research, as effective treatment was withheld.

Purpose: To map all human genes, Year Conducted: 1990-2003, Conclusion: Successfully sequenced the entire human genome.

Purpose: To develop the atomic bomb, Year Conducted: 1942-1946, Conclusion: Led to the creation of the first nuclear weapons.