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Origin: Ancient China, Key Philosophies: Wu-wei (non-action), naturalness, simplicity, and the Three Treasures (compassion, frugality, and humility).

Origin: Ancient China, Key Philosophies: Importance of ethics, family, and social harmony; role of benevolence (ren), righteousness (yi), and proper ritual (li).

Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Key Philosophies: Belief in one God, the teachings of the ten Sikh Gurus, and the importance of community service and social justice.

Origin: Ancient India, Key Philosophies: Spiritual discipline involving physical, mental, and spiritual practices to attain enlightenment (moksha).

Origin: Ancient India, Key Philosophies: Logical method of gaining knowledge, classification of valid knowledge, and means of right knowledge (pramanas).

Origin: Ancient India, Key Philosophies: Dualism of purusha (consciousness) and prakriti (matter), liberation through discernment between the two.

Origin: Ancient India, Key Philosophies: Atomism, categorization of reality into substances, and understanding of dharma (natural laws).

Origin: India, Key Philosophies: Use of rituals, symbols, and the cosmic power of kundalini energy to transcend material reality.

Origin: India, Key Philosophies: Central concept of śūnyatā (emptiness), negation of intrinsic nature, and the two truths doctrine.

Origin: India, Key Philosophies: Focus on consciousness (citta-mātra) as the basis of reality and the seeds of past actions stored in the ālaya-vijñāna.

Origin: China, spreading to Japan, Key Philosophies: Faith in Amitabha Buddha and rebirth in the Pure Land, a place for easier attainment of enlightenment.

Origin: China, Key Philosophies: The Lotus Sutra as the highest teaching, the principles of ichinen sanzen (one thought contains three thousand realms), and the ultimate truth of the Middle Way.

Origin: China, spreading to Japan, Key Philosophies: Emphasis on meditation (zazen), direct experience, and personal enlightenment over scriptural study.

Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Key Philosophies: Diverse practices including belief in karma, dharma, moksha (liberation), and the cycle of rebirth (samsara).

Origin: Indian Subcontinent, Key Philosophies: Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and the concept of Anatta (non-self).

Origin: India, Key Philosophies: Non-dualism, Brahman (ultimate reality) is identical to Atman (soul, self), and realization of this unity leads to moksha.

Origin: India, Key Philosophies: Path of non-violence (ahimsa) towards all living beings, truth (satya), and asceticism.

Origin: China, Key Philosophies: Human nature is naturally selfish, strict laws and harsh punishments, and strong, authoritarian government.

Origin: China, Key Philosophies: Universal love (jian ai), opposition to war, and meritocratic governance.