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Notable 20th Century Philosophers

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Ludwig Wittgenstein

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Analytical philosophy, picture theory of language, language-games, 'Philosophical Investigations' and 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'.

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Martin Heidegger

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Phenomenology, existentialism, the concept of Dasein, 'Being and Time', question of the meaning of Being.

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Jean-Paul Sartre

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Existentialism, philosophy of freedom, radical freedom and bad faith, 'Being and Nothingness', 'Existentialism is a Humanism'.

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Simone de Beauvoir

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Existentialist ethics, feminism, 'The Second Sex', exploration of the treatment and oppression of women.

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Albert Camus

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Absurdism, revolt in the face of the absurd, 'The Myth of Sisyphus', 'The Stranger'.

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Bertrand Russell

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Analytic philosophy, logicism, philosophy of mathematics, 'Principia Mathematica', anti-war activism.

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Hannah Arendt

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Political theory, the nature of power and evil, 'The Human Condition', 'Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil'.

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Karl Popper

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Philosophy of science, falsifiability as a criterion of demarcation between science and non-science, 'The Logic of Scientific Discovery', 'The Open Society and Its Enemies'.

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Michel Foucault

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Social theory, power and knowledge relationship, 'Discipline and Punish', 'The History of Sexuality'.

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Judith Butler

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Gender theory, performativity, 'Gender Trouble', critique of gender norms and identity.

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Noam Chomsky

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Linguistics, generative grammar, critique of behaviorism, political activism, 'Syntactic Structures', 'Manufacturing Consent'.

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Richard Rorty

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Pragmatism, anti-essentialism, critique of the philosophy of mind, 'Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature', 'Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity'.

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Thomas Kuhn

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Philosophy of science, paradigm shifts, 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions', the incommensurability thesis.

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Jürgen Habermas

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Critical theory, discourse ethics, theory of communicative action, 'The Theory of Communicative Action', 'The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere'.

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Ayn Rand

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Philosophy of Objectivism, advocating rational egoism, 'Atlas Shrugged', 'The Fountainhead', critique of altruism.

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