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Notable 20th Century Philosophers
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Ludwig Wittgenstein
Analytical philosophy, picture theory of language, language-games, 'Philosophical Investigations' and 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus'.
Thomas Kuhn
Philosophy of science, paradigm shifts, 'The Structure of Scientific Revolutions', the incommensurability thesis.
Ayn Rand
Philosophy of Objectivism, advocating rational egoism, 'Atlas Shrugged', 'The Fountainhead', critique of altruism.
Jürgen Habermas
Critical theory, discourse ethics, theory of communicative action, 'The Theory of Communicative Action', 'The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere'.
Richard Rorty
Pragmatism, anti-essentialism, critique of the philosophy of mind, 'Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature', 'Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity'.
Judith Butler
Gender theory, performativity, 'Gender Trouble', critique of gender norms and identity.
Albert Camus
Absurdism, revolt in the face of the absurd, 'The Myth of Sisyphus', 'The Stranger'.
Bertrand Russell
Analytic philosophy, logicism, philosophy of mathematics, 'Principia Mathematica', anti-war activism.
Karl Popper
Philosophy of science, falsifiability as a criterion of demarcation between science and non-science, 'The Logic of Scientific Discovery', 'The Open Society and Its Enemies'.
Martin Heidegger
Phenomenology, existentialism, the concept of Dasein, 'Being and Time', question of the meaning of Being.
Michel Foucault
Social theory, power and knowledge relationship, 'Discipline and Punish', 'The History of Sexuality'.
Jean-Paul Sartre
Existentialism, philosophy of freedom, radical freedom and bad faith, 'Being and Nothingness', 'Existentialism is a Humanism'.
Hannah Arendt
Political theory, the nature of power and evil, 'The Human Condition', 'Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil'.
Noam Chomsky
Linguistics, generative grammar, critique of behaviorism, political activism, 'Syntactic Structures', 'Manufacturing Consent'.
Simone de Beauvoir
Existentialist ethics, feminism, 'The Second Sex', exploration of the treatment and oppression of women.
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