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Major works: 'Meditations on First Philosophy', 'Discourse on the Method'. Contributions: Cogito ergo sum (I think, therefore I am), Cartesian dualism.

Major works: 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding', 'Two Treatises of Government'. Contributions: Theory of the mind as a 'tabula rasa', social contract theory.

Major works: 'Critique of Pure Reason', 'Critique of Practical Reason', 'Critique of Judgment'. Contributions: Categorical imperative, transcendental idealism.

Major works: 'Ethics', 'Theological-Political Treatise'. Contributions: Pantheism, theory of emotions and intellectual love of God.

Major works: 'Phenomenology of Spirit', 'Science of Logic', 'Elements of the Philosophy of Right'. Contributions: Dialectical method, absolute idealism.

Major works: 'The World as Will and Representation', 'On the Will in Nature'. Contributions: Philosophical pessimism, will to live as the fundamental reality.

Major works: 'The Communist Manifesto', 'Das Kapital'. Contributions: Theory of historical materialism, critique of capitalism, class struggle.

Major works: 'Thus Spoke Zarathustra', 'Beyond Good and Evil', 'The Genealogy of Morals'. Contributions: Critique of traditional morality, concept of the Übermensch, will to power.

Major works: 'Fear and Trembling', 'The Concept of Anxiety', 'Either/Or'. Contributions: Considered the father of existentialism, wrote about the concept of 'leap of faith'.

Major works: 'Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus', 'Philosophical Investigations'. Contributions: Theory of language and meaning, philosophy of mind, picture theory of language.

Major works: 'Being and Nothingness', 'Existentialism is a Humanism'. Contributions: Existentialist philosophy, concepts of radical freedom and bad faith.

Major works: 'The Second Sex', 'The Ethics of Ambiguity'. Contributions: Feminist existentialism, explored the concept of 'the other' in society.

Major works: 'The Stranger', 'The Myth of Sisyphus'. Contributions: Philosophy of absurdism, critique of nihilism.

Major works: 'Being and Time', 'The Question Concerning Technology'. Contributions: Concepts of Dasein and Being, hermeneutics, critique of technology.

Major works: 'Leviathan', 'De Cive'. Contributions: Social contract theory, political philosophy of absolute sovereignty.

Major works: 'A Treatise of Human Nature', 'An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding'. Contributions: Empiricism, skepticism, philosophy of religion.

Major works: 'Madness and Civilization', 'The Birth of the Clinic', 'Discipline and Punish'. Contributions: Archaeology of knowledge, discourse analysis, power/knowledge.

Major works: 'Principia Mathematica', 'A History of Western Philosophy', 'Why I Am Not a Christian'. Contributions: Analytic philosophy, philosophy of language, anti-war activism.

Major works: 'The Social Contract', 'Émile, or On Education', 'Confessions'. Contributions: Social contract theory, education philosophy, influence on the French Revolution.