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Founder of Stoicism, taught that virtue is the highest good and is sufficient for happiness.

Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, and dramatist who emphasized practical ethics.

Former slave turned philosopher who taught that external events are beyond our control but we can control our responses.

Roman Emperor and Stoic philosopher, author of 'Meditations,' who wrote reflections on applying Stoic philosophy to life.

The four cardinal Stoic virtues: wisdom, courage, justice, and temperance.

The ultimate goal of Stoic philosophy, often translated as 'happiness' or 'flourishing.'

A fundamental Stoic principle dividing the world into things that are in our control and those that are not.

A principle in Stoicism signifying the rational structure of the universe.

The state of being undisturbed by the passions, achieved through rational judgment and inner calm.

A practice of reflecting on mortality and the impermanence of life.

The practice of attentive and conscious living, being present and aware in each moment.

The Stoic exercise of contemplating potential misfortunes to reduce fear and anxiety.

In Stoic philosophy, these are unhealthy emotions resulting from errors of judgment: desire, fear, pleasure, and distress.

The study of nature and the cosmos, affirming a deterministic universe guided by divine reason.

The belief that all human beings are citizens of the world and should live in a spirit of brotherhood.