Discover published sets by community

Concerns the depletion of a shared resource by individuals acting in their own self-interest. Philosophical approaches include Garrett Hardin's mutual coercion mutually agreed upon, Elinor Ostrom's governing commons principles, and appeals to ethical communalism.

Places humans at the center of ethical consideration. Responses include deep ecology, which emphasizes the intrinsic value of all living beings, and ecofeminism which highlights the links between the domination of nature and the oppression of women.

Involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising future generations. Philosophical responses address intergenerational justice, the precautionary principle, and sustainable development ethics.

A value system that puts ecological health at the forefront. Responses include the land ethic of Aldo Leopold, which emphasizes the moral worth of the ecological whole, and the Gaia hypothesis which postulates the Earth as a single living entity.

Addresses the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens. Philosophical approaches involve principles of equity, recognition, and participation, often seen through the lens of social justice and human rights frameworks.

Deals with the moral implications of climate change. Ethical responses include carbon justice, the polluter pays principle, and the shared but differentiated responsibility approach.

Holds that all life has intrinsic value. Philosophical responses range from Paul Taylor's respect for nature ethic, to the principle of species equality, and the rejection of speciesism.

Deals with the ethical implications of species becoming extinct. Philosophical approaches include the appeal to biodiversity value, Noah's Ark problem solving, and relational values approach.

Considers the ethical dimensions of consuming finite resources. Responses include the Steady-State Economy proposed by Herman Daly, John Stuart Mill's notion of a 'stationary state', and concepts of ecological footprint and fair shares.

Focuses on the character traits necessary for a sustainable and harmonious relationship with the environment. It draws from Aristotelian virtue ethics, expanding the concepts to include virtues like reverence for nature, humility and temperance.

Promotes a profound transformation in human attitudes towards the natural world, based on a feeling of connectedness to life on Earth. Philosophical responses include Arne Naess's principles of deep ecology, bioregionalism, and promotion of ecosophy or ecological wisdom.

Suggests that action should be taken to prevent harm to the environment even if scientific evidence is not conclusive. Philosophical approaches include risk assessment, ethical cost-benefit analysis, and adaptive management strategies.

Considers the appreciation of nature for its aesthetic value. Philosophical responses often refer to the works of Immanuel Kant and his disinterested aesthetic pleasure, the picturesque and sublime in nature, and the idea that aesthetic appreciation can promote environmental conservation.

Proposed by Aldo Leopold, it regards the environment and ecosystems as deserving moral consideration. It promotes the integrity, stability, and beauty of the biotic community and inspires conservation movements.