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Focused on protecting individual rights, advocating for freedom of speech, equality, and a free market. Key thinkers include John Locke and John Stuart Mill.

Advocates for tradition, continuity, and stability. Resistant to rapid change. Key thinkers include Edmund Burke and Russell Kirk.

Advocates for social ownership of the means of production and cooperative management of the economy. Key thinkers include Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Promotes the abolition of the state and all forms of hierarchical authority. Key thinkers include Mikhail Bakunin and Emma Goldman.

An authoritarian and nationalistic system characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and control of industry and commerce. Key thinkers include Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile.

A classless, stateless society in which property and the means of production are communally owned. Key thinkers include Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin.

Advocates for minimal state intervention in personal and economic affairs and upholds individual liberty as the prime political value. Key thinkers include Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises.

Ethical theory that prescribes actions that maximize happiness and well-being for all affected individuals. Key thinkers include Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

Advocates for women's rights and equality between the sexes. Key thinkers include Simone de Beauvoir and Judith Butler.

Movement concerned with protecting the environment and promoting sustainable practices. Key thinkers include Rachel Carson and Aldo Leopold.

In international relations, it is the view that states act in their own self-interest and that military power is the most important form of power. Key thinkers include Thucydides and Hans Morgenthau.

A socioeconomic analysis that uses a materialist interpretation of historical development and a dialectical view of social transformation. Key thinkers include Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

A political movement born in the United States during the 1960s among liberal hawks who became disenchanted with the domestic and foreign policy views of the Democratic Party. Key thinkers include Irving Kristol and Norman Podhoretz.

A political philosophy promoting a non-hierarchical, non-bureaucratic society without private property in the means of production. Key thinkers include Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Noam Chomsky.

A political, social, and economic system characterized by promoting the interests of a particular nation, particularly with the aim of gaining and maintaining self-governance. Key thinkers include Johann Gottfried Herder and Giuseppe Mazzini.

Support for the rule by a monarch, advocating a monarchical form of government. Key thinkers may not be as prominent as the practice revolves around the institution of monarchy itself.

In international relations, a theory that emphasizes the roles of ideas, norms, and identities in shaping state behavior. Key thinkers include Alexander Wendt and Nicholas Onuf.

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution, laws, or opposition, etc.). Although not a philosophical movement, key examples include Louis XIV of France.

Political philosophy or movement that recognizes diversity in interests and cultures within a political body and that advocates for a society where such diverse groups maintain and develop their traditional cultures or special interests. Key thinkers include Isaiah Berlin and Charles Taylor.

A form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme ruling authority, with its officials being regarded as divinely guided, or is according to the principles of a particular religion. Not associated with specific thinkers as it is a governance structure.

A political system wherein the state holds total control over society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible.

A school of thought that applies Marxist analysis to contemporary issues like globalization, inequity, and criticism of capitalism. Key thinkers include Antonio Gramsci and Herbert Marcuse.

Advocates a political order as a republic, where representatives have authority to govern, and the head of state is an elected or nominated president, not a monarch. Thinkers include Cicero and Montesquieu.