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400s-300s BCE; Plato's theories on forms, the ideal state, and the role of the philosopher-king.

300s BCE; Emphasizes empirical observation and categorization of the natural world, ethics, and logic.

3rd century BCE - 2nd century CE; Advocates for personal ethics informed by its system of logic and its views on the natural world.

4th century BCE; Teaches that the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain are the ultimate human goals.

Hellenistic era, around 200 BCE; Questions the possibility of certainty in knowledge.

3rd - 6th century CE; Combines Plato's ideas with oriental mysticism, emphasizing the spiritual universe and its influence on the physical world.

Medieval period, 12th - 17th century; Aimed to reconcile Christian theology with classical philosophy, particularly that of Aristotle.

Renaissance era, 14th - 16th century; Emphasized the value of human beings, individualism, and the study of classical texts.

17th century; Asserts that reason should be the primary source of knowledge, rather than experience.

17th - 18th century; Holds that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience.

18th century; Stressed the importance of reason, science, and the rights of individuals; also known as the Age of Reason.

Late 18th century; Centered on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, particularly his theories of how we perceive the world and the importance of moral duty.

19th century; Advocates for the greatest happiness principle, where the best action is the one that maximizes utility.

Late 19th century - 20th century; Explores the nature of existence, freedom, and the individual's search for meaning amidst an indifferent universe.

Late 19th century - early 20th century; Argues that the truth of beliefs is determined by their practical consequences and usefulness.

Early 20th century onwards; Characterized by a strong emphasis on logic, language analysis, and the philosophy of science.

Mid 19th century onwards; Based on Karl Marx's theories about society, economics and politics, emphasizing class struggle and the need for a classless society.

Early 20th century; Focuses on the structures of consciousness and experience from the first-person perspective.

Mid 20th century; Suggests human culture is constructed through interrelated systems of signs and patterns of thought.

Late 20th century; Builds upon and challenges structuralism, questioning the stability of meaning and the role of the author in texts.

Late 20th century; A critical approach that aims to dissect the relationship between text and meaning, highlighting the fluidity of language.

Mid 20th century; Seeks to critique and challenge the structures of power and oppression through interdisciplinary social theory.

20th century onwards; Focuses on issues of gender in philosophy and seeks to challenge traditional norms of sexuality, identity, and power.

Late 20th century; Characterized by skepticism about grand narratives and ideologies, emphasizing relativism and the construction of meaning.