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Policies that take factors including race, color, religion, sex, or national origin into consideration to promote equal opportunity, often assessed under the Equal Protection Clause.

The most lenient standard of review used by courts, applied to most legislation, requiring only that the law be rationally related to a legitimate government interest.

A provision in the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution that requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons within their jurisdictions.

The highest level of scrutiny applied by courts when reviewing laws that discriminate on the basis of race, religion, or national origin, requiring a compelling state interest and that the law is narrowly tailored to achieve its purpose.