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Upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy

Declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional

Held that the use of eminent domain to transfer land from one private owner to another private owner to further economic development is a permissible public use under the Fifth Amendment

Struck down sodomy law in Texas and, by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in 13 other states.

Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality

Established the principle of judicial review

Clarified the scope of Congress's legislative power under the Commerce Clause

Held that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm for lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home

Legalized same-sex marriage in all 50 states

Held that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 protects employees against discrimination because of their sexual orientation or gender identity

Limited the power of the President of the United States to claim executive privilege

Established the Miranda rights of individuals arrested for crimes

Established a woman's legal right to an abortion

Established the exclusionary rule under the Fourth Amendment

Declared corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate elections cannot be limited under the First Amendment

Upheld Presidential Proclamation 9645, commonly known as the 'travel ban,' as within the scope of Presidential authority

Upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty

Struck down Texas abortion regulations as unconstitutional because they placed an undue burden on women seeking to terminate their pregnancy

Established federal supremacy and the implied powers of Congress