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Taxing and Spending Powers

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General Welfare Clause

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Allows Congress to levy taxes and spend money in the interest of the general welfare of the United States, but must not violate other constitutional provisions.

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Uniformity Clause

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Requires all duties, imposts, and excises to be uniform throughout the United States, preventing regional discrimination.

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Direct Tax Clause

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Mandates that any direct taxes must be apportioned among the states based on population, limiting how Congress can impose such taxes.

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Necessary and Proper Clause

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Gives Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers, often used to justify exertions of the taxing and spending powers.

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Taxation Power Limitations

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Congress cannot tax exports, must ensure uniformity in indirect taxes, and is restricted by the prohibitions against certain types of taxes.

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16th Amendment

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Grants Congress the power to impose income taxes without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results.

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Spending Power Limitations

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Limits spending to activities for the common defense and general welfare; bars spending for federal, state, or individual interests that do not serve a public purpose.

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