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Established the principle of judicial review in the U.S., empowering the Supreme Court to nullify an act of the legislative or executive branch that violates the Constitution.

Confirmed the supremacy of federal over state law and established the federal government's implied powers under the Constitution.

Clarified the scope of Congress's legislative power under the Commerce Clause, determining that it had the power to regulate interstate commerce.

Held that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and thus had no standing to sue in federal court.

Established the 'separate but equal' doctrine that allowed state-sponsored segregation.

Held that the freedom of speech protection afforded in the First Amendment could be restricted if the speech presented a clear and present danger to society.

Declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.

Established the exclusionary rule, which prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in court.

Held that the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel is a fundamental right, and it’s required that state courts provide attorneys for defendants unable to afford their own.

Established Miranda rights, requiring law enforcement officials to advise a suspect in custody of his or her rights to remain silent and obtain an attorney.

Affirmed students' constitutional rights to free speech in public schools, as long as the speech does not disrupt the educational process.

Legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first trimester of pregnancy based on the right of privacy.

Limited the power of the U.S. president to claim executive privilege in refusing to produce evidence in a criminal investigation.

Upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy, but ruled that specific quotas, like a set number of seats based on race, were not permissible.

Held that school officials have the authority to search students' personal property if they suspect the students are breaking the law or school rules.

Determined that public school curricular student newspapers that have not been established as forums for student expression are subject to a lower level of First Amendment protection.

Invalidated prohibitions on desecrating the American flag enforced in 48 of the 50 states.

Reaffirmed Roe v. Wade but upheld certain limitations on abortion rights and introduced the 'undue burden' standard.

Limited Congress's power under the Commerce Clause by ruling that gun possession near a school was not an economic activity that could be regulated by the federal government.

Resolved the 2000 presidential election by stopping the recount of votes in Florida and resulted in George W. Bush winning the presidency.

Struck down the sodomy law in Texas, and by extension, invalidated sodomy laws in other states, making same-sex sexual activity legal in every U.S. state and territory.

Held that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm for lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home.

Held that the First Amendment prohibits the government from restricting independent expenditures for political campaigns by corporations, associations, or labor unions.

Upheld the majority of the Affordable Care Act ('Obamacare'), including the individual mandate to buy health insurance, by construing the mandate as a tax.

Legalized same-sex marriage across all 50 states.

Upheld the use of race in undergraduate admissions decisions, reaffirming the constitutionality of affirmative action in college admissions.

Held that the government's acquisition of Carpenter's cell-site records was a Fourth Amendment search, and thus required a warrant.

Concluded that claims of partisan gerrymandering are not judiciable in federal court, as they present a political question beyond the reach of federal courts.

Held that discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity is a form of sex discrimination and therefore prohibited by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.