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The Supreme Court ruled that Michigan's ban on affirmative action in public university admissions, passed by voters, was constitutional.

The Supreme Court determined that a city's plan that required subcontractors to hire a certain percentage of minority businesses was unconstitutional because it did not address a compelling government interest.

The Supreme Court held that states must actively dismantle segregated systems of higher education and that simply ending discriminatory practices is not enough to comply with the Fourteenth Amendment.

The Supreme Court ruled that while affirmative action programs are constitutional, the use of racial quotas in college admissions is not permissible. This case restated the importance of diversity as a compelling interest in education.

The Supreme Court upheld an affirmative action plan designed to eliminate racial imbalances in skilled crafts positions, stating that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not prohibit such voluntary, race-conscious efforts to abolish traditional patterns of racial segregation.

The Supreme Court upheld the University of Michigan Law School's affirmative action admissions policy, stating that race can be one of many factors considered by colleges when selecting their students to create a diverse student body.

The Supreme Court found that the school district's use of an individual's race to assign students to schools for the purpose of achieving racial diversity was unconstitutional.

This landmark case established that racial quotas violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment but reaffirmed that race could be considered as part of the admissions process for the sake of diversity.

The Supreme Court held that all racial classifications imposed by the federal government must be analyzed under a strict scrutiny standard, making sure such policies are narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest.

The Supreme Court held that lower courts did not apply strict scrutiny in determining whether the University of Texas's affirmative action admissions policy was necessary to achieve diversity, and the case was remanded for further consideration.

The Supreme Court decided that the city of New Haven's decision to invalidate a promotion exam for firefighters because not enough minorities qualified was a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act as it constituted reverse discrimination.

The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals found that the University of Texas School of Law's affirmative action admissions policy was unconstitutional, which temporarily ended affirmative action in the Fifth Circuit.

The Supreme Court ruled that laying off white teachers to retain minority teachers as a part of affirmative action was unconstitutional because the layoff provision was not narrowly tailored to meet a compelling interest.

The Supreme Court upheld the University of Texas's affirmative action admissions policy, stating it was narrowly tailored and that the university provided sufficient evidence to demonstrate the policy's constitutionality under strict scrutiny.