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Acoustics Basics

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Beat Frequency

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The frequency of the amplitude modulations that occur when two frequencies close in value are played together, calculated as fbeat=f1f2f_{beat} = |f_{1} - f_{2}|, where f1f_{1} and f2f_{2} are the two frequencies.

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Frequency

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The number of complete oscillations or cycles per unit time, measured in Hertz (Hz).

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Decibel

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A logarithmic unit used to measure sound level, defined as 10×log10(P1P0)10 \times \log_{10}(\frac{P_{1}}{P_{0}}), where P1P_{1} is the power level of the sound and P0P_{0} is a reference power level.

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Wavelength

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The distance between two consecutive points in phase on a wave, typically denoted as λ\lambda and calculated as λ=vf\lambda = \frac{v}{f}, where vv is the velocity of sound and ff is the frequency.

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Amplitude

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The maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium.

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Sound Pressure

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The local pressure deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium) pressure, caused by a sound wave.

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Harmonics

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Waveforms that are integer multiples of a fundamental frequency, contributing to the complexity of a sound.

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Sound Intensity

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The power per unit area, measured in Watts per square meter (W/m2\text{W/m}^2).

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Speed of Sound

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The speed at which sound waves travel through an elastic medium. Formula in air at 20°C: v=343 m/sv = 343 \text{ m/s}.

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Resonance

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The phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of a periodically applied force is equal to a natural frequency of the system on which it acts, resulting in maximum amplitude oscillations.

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