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A logarithmic unit used to measure sound level, defined as $10 \times \log_{10}(\frac{P_{1}}{P_{0}})$, where $P_{1}$ is the power level of the sound and $P_{0}$ is a reference power level.

Waveforms that are integer multiples of a fundamental frequency, contributing to the complexity of a sound.

The local pressure deviation from the ambient (average or equilibrium) pressure, caused by a sound wave.

The distance between two consecutive points in phase on a wave, typically denoted as $\lambda$ and calculated as $\lambda = \frac{v}{f}$, where $v$ is the velocity of sound and $f$ is the frequency.

The power per unit area, measured in Watts per square meter ($\text{W/m}^2$).

The speed at which sound waves travel through an elastic medium. Formula in air at 20°C: $v = 343 \text{ m/s}$.

The frequency of the amplitude modulations that occur when two frequencies close in value are played together, calculated as $f_{beat} = |f_{1} - f_{2}|$, where $f_{1}$ and $f_{2}$ are the two frequencies.

The maximum extent of a vibration or oscillation, measured from the position of equilibrium.

The number of complete oscillations or cycles per unit time, measured in Hertz (Hz).