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Dark energy is a mysterious force that is hypothesized to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. It is thought to make up about 68% of the universe's total energy.

Dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter thought to account for approximately 85% of the matter in the universe. It does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible and detectable only through its gravitational effects.

The Big Bang theory is the leading explanation about how the universe began, proposing that it was born from a singularity roughly 13.8 billion years ago, exploding into existence.

The cosmological constant is a term added by Einstein to his field equations for General Relativity, which he later called his 'biggest blunder'. It is now considered to represent the density of dark energy in the universe.

Proposed by Einstein in 1915, the General Theory of Relativity is a theory of gravitation that describes gravity not as a force, but as a consequence of the curvature of spacetime caused by the uneven distribution of mass.

The inflationary universe is a theory proposing a period of extremely rapid exponential expansion of the universe prior to the more gradual Big Bang expansion. This theory addresses several cosmological puzzles such as horizon and flatness problems.

Cosmic inflation is the exponential expansion of space in the early universe at a rate much faster than the speed of light. It took place after the Big Bang and is thought to be responsible for the uniformity of the observable universe.

Redshift refers to the phenomenon where light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum, often used as evidence for the expansion of the universe.

The CMB is the thermal radiation left over from the time of recombination in Big Bang cosmology when the universe cooled enough for protons and electrons to combine and form hydrogen atoms.