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Flux pinning is a phenomenon where the magnetic flux lines are trapped and immobilized in a Type II superconductor due to defects in the material's crystal lattice.

Superconductors have zero electrical resistance, enabling them to conduct electricity without loss of energy.

The London penetration depth is the distance over which a magnetic field penetrates into a superconductor and decays exponentially.

The critical temperature is the temperature below which a material exhibits superconductivity.

Cooper pairs consist of two electrons that are bound together at low temperatures in a superconductor, which are responsible for superconductivity.

Type I superconductors are characterized by a single critical magnetic field, whereas Type II superconductors have two critical fields and can enter a mixed state.