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A vibration of a system in which some points remain fixed while others between them vibrate with the maximum amplitude.

The change in direction of a wave passing from one medium to another caused by its change in speed.

The phenomenon in which waves of light or other electromagnetic radiation are restricted in direction of vibration.

The increase in amplitude that occurs when the frequency of a periodically applied force is equal or close to a natural frequency of the system.

A phenomenon in which two waves superpose to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude.

The change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated.

The concept in quantum mechanics that every particle or quantum entity may be described as either a particle or a wave.