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A U.S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; it included Title I provisions applying to disadvantaged students. It supported standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education.

The principle that funding for public schools should not vary widely between wealthy and poor areas, meaning that a child's education should not be significantly affected by their district's affluence.

A hierarchical model used to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. It is divided into three domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor.

A federal law in the United States that prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in any federally funded education program or activity. One of the most visible effects has been to advance gender equality in sports.

A policy that allows parents the option to select the best educational setting—public or private, including religious schools—for their child. It is based on the premise that giving parents more options can increase competition and improve the quality of education institutions.

A document that is developed for each U.S. public school child who needs special education. It is created through a team effort and reviewed at least once a year.

An education initiative in the United States that details what K-12 students should know in English language arts and mathematics at the end of each grade. The initiative seeks to establish consistent educational standards across the states and ensure that students graduate from high school with the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in college, career, and life.

The state-level government organization in the United States responsible for education, including providing information, resources, and technical assistance on educational matters to schools and residents.

The measure and condition of treating all students fairly and justly without any forms of discrimination, allowing all students equivalent opportunities to learn and grow.

A public authority such as a school district, government agency, or other entity operable at the local level that provides educational services in a specific geographic area within a state.

A school that receives government funding but operates independently of the established state school system in which it is located. It is often bound by a contractual agreement with the state or jurisdiction to achieve specific educational outcomes.