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Believes that learners construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are central to constructivism.

A philosophy that focuses on timeless truths and universal works. It emphasizes the importance of great books and classic works. Key proponents include Mortimer Adler and Robert Hutchins.

Rooted in the belief that education should focus on the whole child and reflect the interests and needs of students. John Dewey is one of its main advocates.

Centers on the development of the individual's potential and the importance of human values rather than rote knowledge. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are principal figures.

An educational approach based on the work of Maria Montessori that emphasizes independence, freedom within limits, and respect for a child’s natural psychological development.

Based on the idea that students should learn the essential knowledge and skills of traditional core subjects. Prominent supporters are William Bagley and E.D. Hirsch.

A holistic educational model that prioritizes imagination in learning and integrates arts in all academic disciplines. Rudolf Steiner founded the Waldorf philosophy.

Focuses on observable and measurable aspects of student behavior and emphasizes the role of environment in shaping behavior. B.F. Skinner is a prominent figure in this philosophy.

Posits that education should help students find personal meaning and choose their own destiny. Key figures include Jean-Paul Sartre and Søren Kierkegaard.