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Shear force describes the force that causes layers of material to slide past each other in a direction parallel to their plane of contact. This concept is important when analyzing intervertebral disc stress during lifting.

Flexibility is the range of motion in a joint or series of joints, and it affects the ability to perform movements. Flexibility training is key for injury prevention and overall mobility.

The center of mass is a point representing the mean position of the matter in a body or system. It is important for understanding the balance and stability of a person or object in motion.

Elasticity refers to the ability of a material to return to its original length after being stretched. In biomechanics, it is essential for understanding how muscles and tendons respond to forces during movement.

Tensile strength refers to the ability of a material, such as muscle or bone, to withstand pulling forces. It's important for understanding muscle contractions and injury prevention.

An agonist muscle is one that contracts to create the primary movement in a joint action. Understanding agonists is crucial for effective movement and strength training program design.

The antagonist muscle is the muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist muscle to contract, facilitating movement. It helps balance forces around a joint and prevent injury.

Torque is a measure of the turning force on an object, pivotal in understanding how levers work in the body. It's calculated as the product of force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot point (torque = force x distance). Essential for analyzing joint movements in activities such as throwing or lifting.

Statics is the branch of mechanics dealing with bodies at rest or forces in equilibrium. It's essential for understanding how forces are balanced in static poses or exercises.

The moment arm is the shortest distance from a pivot point to the line of action of a force, crucial for calculating torque in biomechanical analysis of joints.

Viscoelasticity is a property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. It is key in understanding the time-dependent behavior of tendons and ligaments during movements.

Kinetics is the study of forces and torques and their effect on motion, as distinct from kinematics. It is critical in understanding how forces cause movements.

Kinematics is the branch of biomechanics concerned with the description of motion, including displacement, velocity, and acceleration, without considering its causes. Crucial for analyzing technique in sports.

Proprioception is the sense of self-movement and body position, often called the 'sixth sense'. It's essential for coordination, balance, and precision in physical activities.

Range of motion refers to the full movement potential of a joint, usually its flexibility or motion around a joint. A greater ROM indicates better joint health and functional capability.

Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the force produced by a machine to the force applied to it, used in evaluating the efficiency of biomechanical systems. High mechanical advantage means more force with less effort.

Inertia is the resistance of a physical object to any change in its state of motion. It is particularly important in analyzing the start and stop of movement and the energy required to do so.

The lever arm is the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force. Its length determines the effectiveness and mechanical advantage of the lever system in the body.

In biomechanics, work is the product of a force on an object and the object's displacement in the direction of the force (work = force x displacement). It is vital for analyzing energy expenditure in physical activities.