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Fast-Twitch Muscle Fibers are muscle fiber types that are used in powerful bursts of movements like sprinting. They fatigue more quickly than slow-twitch fibers.

Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers are muscle fiber types that are more efficient at using oxygen to generate fuel for continuous, extended muscle contractions over a long time.

Hypertrophy-Specific Training is a method of strength training designed to induce muscle hypertrophy with strategic variations in training load and volume.

Concentric Contraction is a type of muscle activation that causes tension on your muscle as it shortens. It is the 'positive' portion of a lift when the muscle fibers slide together and muscle shortens.

Lactic Threshold refers to the intensity of exercise at which lactate begins to accumulate in the blood at a faster rate than it can be removed. It's an important determinant of performance in endurance sports.

Rate of Perceived Exertion is a subjective method for assessing the intensity of exercise, based on physical sensations such as heart rate, breathing rate, sweating, and muscle fatigue.

Overtraining Syndrome occurs when an individual exercises beyond their body's ability to recover and leads to decreased performance and increased risk of injury.

Oxygen Debt refers to the amount of oxygen required to recover after exercise. The debt is paid back post-exercise through increased breathing and heart rate.

Mitochondrial Density refers to the number of mitochondria per volume of muscle fiber. It is linked to the muscle's capacity to produce energy aerobically.

Interval Training involves a series of low- to high-intensity exercise workouts interspersed with rest or relief periods. It helps in improving speed and cardiovascular fitness.

Anaerobic Respiration is the process of producing energy without the presence of oxygen, resulting in the production of lactate. It provides energy during short, high-intensity exercise.

Glycogen is the stored form of glucose in the liver and muscle tissues. It is a major source of energy during high-intensity exercise.

Aerobic Respiration is the process of producing cellular energy in the presence of oxygen. It is the primary method of energy production during sustained exercise.

EPOC refers to the increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous activity intended to erase the body's 'oxygen debt'. It is a component of recovery after intense exercise.

Heat Acclimatization is the process by which the body adapts to continuous exposure to high temperatures, improving its ability to perform under heat stress.

ATP is the primary energy carrier in all living organisms. It provides the energy required for muscle contractions during exercise.

Resting Metabolic Rate is the amount of calories the body burns while at rest. It is important for calculating daily energy requirements.

VO2 Max is a measure of the maximum volume of oxygen that an individual can use during intense or maximal exercise. It is an indicator of aerobic endurance and cardiorespiratory fitness.

Cardiac Output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute ($Q = HR \times SV$), where $HR$ is heart rate and $SV$ is stroke volume. It is crucial for delivering oxygen and nutrients to working muscles during exercise.

Stroke Volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction. It is a key component of cardiac output.

Eccentric Contraction is the motion of an active muscle while it lengthens under load. It is the 'negative' portion of a lift and is often associated with muscle strength gains and soreness.

Muscular Endurance is the ability of a muscle group to execute repeated contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscular fatigue, or to maintain a specific percentage of the max voluntary contraction for a prolonged period.

Metabolic Equivalent is a unit used to estimate the amount of oxygen used by the body during physical activity; 1 MET is the rate of energy expenditure while at rest.

Fartlek Training is a form of continuous 'speed play' training that blends endurance with speed. It typically involves varying pace and terrain, improving both aerobic and anaerobic pathways.