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Function: Fatty acid catabolism to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2. Dominates: During prolonged, low-intensity exercise when carbohydrate stores are low.

Function: Conversion of pyruvate to lactate when oxygen is limited to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis. Dominates: During high-intensity exercise when oxygen supply to muscle is insufficient.

Function: Oxidizes acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide to generate ATP, NADH, and FADH2. Dominates: During moderate-intensity, long-duration exercise.

Function: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate to generate ATP. Dominates: During high-intensity, short-duration exercise.

Function: Breakdown of proteins into amino acids for energy production. Dominates: Typically not a dominant pathway but may increase during prolonged exercise and calorie deficit.

Function: Rapid ATP production by transferring a phosphate group from PCr to ADP. Dominates: During the first few seconds of high-intensity exercise.

Function: Uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to create a proton gradient that drives ATP production. Dominates: During low to moderate intensity and long-duration exercise.