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Guard cells are specialized cells that control the opening and closing of stomata in plant epidermis.

Flowers are the reproductive structures of plants, often facilitating the union of sperm with eggs that will develop into seeds.

A cotyledon is an embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, one or more of which are the first leaves to appear from a germinating seed.

Xylem is a type of tissue in plants that transports water and some nutrients from the roots to the leaves.

The spongy mesophyll is a leaf tissue characterized by loose cells with air spaces between them; it aids in gas exchange and transpiration.

Phloem is a tissue in plants that transports sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Cambium is a layer of tissue that is between the xylem and the phloem and is responsible for secondary growth.

Lenticels are spongy segments in the bark of a tree that allow for gas exchange between the atmosphere and the internal tissues.

Bark is the protective outermost layer of the stems and roots of woody plants; it protects against physical damage and disease.

Aerenchyma is a specialized tissue in some plants, featuring large air-filled cavities, which provides buoyancy and allows the exchange of gases.

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.

The seed coat is the protective outer layer of a seed that shields the embryonic plant from mechanical damage and pathogens.

Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, like leaves, stems and flowers.

Meristems are plant regions of continuous cell division and growth. There are apical (at the tips), and lateral (along the sides).

The endodermis is a layer of cells in the root, forming a selective barrier that regulates the flow of substances between the soil and the vascular bundle.

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.

Roots anchor a plant into the ground, absorb water and nutrients, and store food.

The palisade mesophyll is a layer of tightly packed plant cells beneath the upper epidermis of a leaf, rich in chloroplasts and the main site of photosynthesis.

A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants, consisting of xylem and phloem tissues.

A leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis. It captures light energy and exchanges gases.

Trichomes are fine outgrowths or appendages on plants, algae, lichens, and certain protists, often serving as protection against predators and excessive light.

The cuticle is a waxy layer that covers the surfaces of leaves and stems and reduces water loss.

The pericycle is a layer of cells in the root that can give rise to lateral roots and also contribute to secondary growth.

The petiole is the stalk that attaches a leaf blade to the plant stem, providing structural support and transporting nutrients and water.

The epidermis is the outermost layer of cells in plants, serving as a protective barrier against the environment, preventing water loss, and sometimes aiding in absorption.

A root hair is an extension of a root epidermal cell, increasing surface area for more efficient absorption of water and minerals.

Stomata are small openings on the underside of plant leaves that are used for gas exchange.

Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall, maintaining the plant's rigidity and shape.

The casparian strip is a band of cell wall material found in the endodermis of plant roots that is impervious to water and dissolved substances, controlling their entry into the xylem.