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Translation is the process where the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment. It controls the movement of substances in and out of cells.

An antibody is a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen; it can recognize and bind to particular antigens, helping to combat infectious disease.

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

ATP stands for Adenosine Triphosphate; it is the energy currency of the cell, providing the power needed for most of the energy-consuming activities.

An enzyme is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions in the body without being consumed in the process.

A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA), composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups.

Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, releasing energy and producing ATP and NADH in the process.

The fluid mosaic model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components—proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.

Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product, often a protein, which in turn can affect a cell's structure and function.

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. Chromosomes are located within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

An unsaturated fatty acid is a fat molecule containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms. They are usually liquid at room temperature and found in vegetables and fish.

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule, coding for a specific amino acid.

A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are often found in bacteria and used in genetic engineering.

Photosynthesis is the process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities.

A proteoglycan is a type of glycoprotein that has a high proportion of carbohydrates and is often found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. They provide structural support and regulate cellular activities.

Ribosomes are complex molecular machines that synthesize proteins by translating the genetic code from mRNA. They can be found within all living cells.

A peptide bond is a covalent bond that links amino acids together in a protein. It forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.

Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy to form ATP in the mitochondria.

Epithelial tissue is a sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity, performing various functions including protection, secretion, and absorption.

A lipid bilayer is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules. These layers are composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, and are basic components of cell membranes.

A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.

A glycoprotein is a protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. They play an essential role in the structure and function of cell membranes and are involved in cell-cell interactions.

A monoclonal antibody is a type of antibody that is made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. They have high specificity and are used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

The cytoskeleton is a complex network of interlinking filaments and tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm; it provides structural support for the cell and is involved in cell division, shape, and transport.

Cellular respiration is the set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place within the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, releasing waste products.

An anticodon is a sequence of three bases on a tRNA molecule that correspond to the three bases of a codon of mRNA and ensures the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis.

DNA replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. It is a fundamental process for genetic inheritance.

Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes, converting sugar to acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen.

A mitochondrion is a double-membraned organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms; it is often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, generating most of the cell's supply of ATP through respiration.

A hormone is a signaling molecule produced by glands in multicellular organisms that is transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior.

An amino acid is an organic compound that combines to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life and are involved in various biological processes.

An allele is one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

A carbohydrate is an organic compound that consists only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually with a hydrogen:oxygen atom ratio of 2:1. It's a major part of plant and animal foods and provides energy.

Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases.

The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

An organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function. Individual organelles are usually separately enclosed within their own lipid bilayers.

PCR is a technique used to amplify a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. Biochemical events lead to characteristic cell changes and death, often playing a crucial role in the development and health.

Transcription is the process in which a segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.