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Stomata are tiny openings or pores in plant foliage and stems that are used for gas exchange.

The male reproductive parts of a flower are called stamens, composed of an anther and a filament.

The female reproductive parts of a flower are called carpels or pistils, composed of the stigma, style, and ovary.

A perennial plant is a plant that lives for more than two years, often with growth occurring over multiple seasons while the plant goes dormant in the winter.

An allelopathic plant is one that releases chemicals into the environment that inhibit the growth of surrounding plants, which may help to reduce competition for resources.

Xylem transports water and soluble mineral nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant.

The Calvin Cycle is the set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis and does not require light. It is part of the 'dark phase' or light-independent reactions.

Germination is the process by which a plant grows from a seed.

A deciduous plant is one that sheds its leaves annually, typically in the autumn, as a response to environmental conditions.

The leaf blade is the broad, flat part of the leaf that is typically responsible for photosynthesis and transpiration.

The three tissue systems in plants are the dermal, vascular, and ground tissues.

Symbiosis in regard to plant roots often refers to the relationship between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi, where the fungi provide the plant with increased water and nutrient absorption while the plant provides carbohydrates to the fungi.

Cellulose is an organic compound and a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units. It's a main component of plant cell walls.

An angiosperm is a type of plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel (fruit).

Guard cells surround stomata and control their opening and closing to regulate gas exchange and transpiration by changing shape, swelling with water to open, and shrinking as water exits.

A gymnosperm is a type of plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit, often associated with conifers.

Secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by plants that are not directly involved in normal growth, development or reproduction, but often play a role in plant defense against herbivory and other environmental stresses.

Transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through stomata.

Nectaries are glands that are found in plants which produce and release nectar, often to attract pollinators like insects and birds.

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water, often releasing oxygen as a byproduct.

Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere is converted into a form that plants can use, such as ammonia. This is often accomplished by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Tropism is the directional growth response of a plant in relation to an environmental stimulus, such as light (phototropism), gravity (gravitropism), or touch (thigmotropism).

An annual plant is a plant that completes its entire life cycle from seed to flower to seed within a single growing season.

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins found in plants.

Complete flowers contain all four parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. Incomplete flowers lack one or more of these parts.

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used by plants to absorb light, primarily capturing blue and red wavelengths.

In botanical terms, a fruit is the mature ovary of a flower, which typically contains seeds.

Monocots have one embryonic seed leaf (cotyledon), parallel leaf venation, and flower parts in multiples of three. Dicots have two cotyledons, net-like leaf venation, and flower parts in multiples of four or five.

Apical dominance is the phenomenon where the main, central stem of the plant grows stronger and faster than the side stems due to the concentration of growth hormones at the tip.

Phloem transports sugars and other metabolic products downward from the leaves.

Roots primarily function in absorption of water and minerals, anchoring the plant to the ground, and storing reserve nutrients.

Soil pH is the measure of acidity or alkalinity in soils, with a pH below 7 being acidic and above 7 being alkaline. Soil pH can influence nutrient availability and absorption by plants.

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same or another plant, facilitating fertilization.

Transpiration is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as leaves, stems and flowers.