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A gene is a unit of heredity that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome that can be used to identify individuals or species.

A SNP is a variation at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals, which can affect how humans develop diseases and respond to pathogens, chemicals, drugs, and vaccines.

Genomics is the study of genomes, the complete set of DNA within a single cell of an organism, and focuses on the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes.

Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene function that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence and are heritable through cell division.

Natural selection is the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

An exon is a portion of a gene that codes for amino acids and is expressed in the final mRNA that is translated into protein.

A genetic disease is a disease caused by abnormalities in an individual's genome, with the abnormality ranging from a small mutation to major chromosomal changes.

A genome is the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.

Linkage disequilibrium occurs when alleles at two linked loci are non-randomly associated with each other within a population.

In genetic engineering, a vector is a vehicle used to transfer genetic material to a target cell, such as a plasmid or a viral vector.

Heritability is the proportion of observed variation in a particular trait that can be attributed to inherited genetic factors in contrast to environmental ones.

A genotype is the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can affect genes and may lead to heritable changes in an organism's characteristics.

Genetic recombination is the process by which two DNA molecule exchange genetic information, resulting in the production of new combinations of alleles.

Codominance occurs when both alleles in a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed, with neither one being recessive or masking the other.

Incomplete dominance is a genetic situation in which one allele does not completely dominate another allele, resulting in a new phenotype.

A phenotype is the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

A karyotype is the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.

A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), composed of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Gene expression is the process by which the instructions in a gene are used to synthesize gene products, which are often proteins.

A transgenic organism is an organism that has been genetically modified to contain genetic material from another species.

An intron is a non-coding section of a gene that is transcribed into RNA but is removed before translation into protein.

Somatic cells are any cells in the body that are not reproductive cells, with each containing the full set of chromosomes typical for the species.

An allele is one of two or more versions of a gene that are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Genetic drift is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms.

The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a genome editing system that allows for precise, directed changes to genomic DNA using an RNA-guided DNA endonuclease enzyme Cas9.

Alternative splicing is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins.

Meiosis is a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them.

Autosomes are chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes; they are present in the same number and form in both males and females.

Mendelian inheritance is the pattern of inheritance that follows the laws proposed by Gregor Mendel, involving dominance and segregation of genes.

Mitosis is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division).

Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology, including editing, deletion, and insertion of new DNA.

Sex chromosomes are the chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual, with humans typically having one pair (XX for females, XY for males).

A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.

Gametes are reproductive cells (sperm and eggs) that carry half the genetic information of an individual, one set of chromosomes, and are haploid.

A polygenic trait is a trait that is controlled by more than one gene, often resulting in a continuous distribution of phenotypes.

A locus is the specific physical location of a gene or other significant sequence on a chromosome.