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Regions affected: North America, Europe. Impact: Forms dense thickets that exclude native species, erodes riverbanks, and causes structural damage to buildings.

Regions affected: Western U.S. Impact: Increases fire frequency and intensity, displaces native plant species, can dominate large areas quickly.

Regions affected: Southeastern U.S., along roadways, disturbed forests. Impact: Grows aggressively, displaces native vegetation, changes soil composition.

Regions affected: Worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Impact: Forms dense mats that block waterways, affects water quality, hinders navigation and recreation.

Regions affected: North America, Europe. Impact: Forms dense stands that crowd out native species, changes wetland hydrology and wildlife habitats.

Regions affected: Florida, Hawaii, California. Impact: Forms dense thickets, displaces native species, and alters fire regimes.

Regions affected: North America, especially wetlands. Impact: Displaces native wetland plants, alters habitat for wildlife, can lead to a reduction in biodiversity.

Regions affected: Western U.S., some parts of Central and Eastern Europe. Impact: Displaces native vegetation, consumes high amounts of water, increases soil salinity, can alter fire regimes.

Regions affected: Southern U.S., California, Mediterranean. Impact: Displaces native plant species, alters riverbanks and watersheds, increases fire risk.

Regions affected: Southeastern U.S. Impact: Outcompetes native plants, damages forests by heavy shading, can collapse trees and structures with its weight.

Regions affected: North America, Australia. Impact: Competes with native bird species for nest sites, can damage crops and spread diseases.

Regions affected: Southeastern U.S., parts of the Midwest and West. Impact: Forms dense mats, impedes water flow, affects aquatic ecosystems, and clogs irrigation systems.

Regions affected: Western U.S., Mediterranean. Impact: Outcompetes native grasses, can poison horses, reduces habitat for native wildlife and forage for livestock.

Regions affected: Florida, some Caribbean islands. Impact: Outcompetes native beach and dune vegetation, alters soil chemistry, can lead to beach erosion.