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Photosynthesis Steps

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Step 5: Carbon Fixation

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The ATP and NADPH produced in the light-dependent reactions are used in the Calvin Cycle to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.

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Step 1: Light Absorption

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Chlorophyll and other pigments in the chloroplast absorb light, mostly in the blue and red spectrum, initiating the process.

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Step 2: Water Splitting

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Light energy absorbed by chlorophyll splits water molecules into oxygen, protons, and electrons.

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Step 3: Electron Transport Chain

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High-energy electrons are transferred through a series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane, releasing energy.

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Step 4: ATP Formation

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The proton gradient powers ATP synthase, an enzyme that synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

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Step 6: Glucose Production

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After several turns of the Calvin Cycle, the assimilated carbon molecules are used to form glucose and other sugars.

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