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Function: Facilitates the transport of electrons towards the cathode. Material Examples: ZnO (Zinc oxide), TiO2 (Titanium dioxide). Performance Characteristics: High electron mobility, energy level alignment with the LUMO of the acceptor material.

Function: Collects electrons and transports them to the external circuit. Material Examples: Aluminum, calcium in combination with aluminum. Performance Characteristics: Low work function, good electrical conductivity, stability in processing environment.

Function: Collects holes and transports them to the external circuit. Material Examples: Indium tin oxide (ITO), gold (Au). Performance Characteristics: High work function, high transparency, good electrical conductivity.

Function: Supports the layered structure of the organic solar cell. Material Examples: Glass, flexible polymers like PET (Polyethylene terephthalate). Performance Characteristics: Mechanical stability, transparency (for certain designs), and smooth surface.

Function: Site of exciton generation and dissociation. Material Examples: Blend of donor and acceptor materials like P3HT:PCBM. Performance Characteristics: Optimized morphology for charge separation and transport, thickness typically around 100 nm.

Function: Absorbs sunlight to create excitons. Material Examples: P3HT (Poly(3-hexylthiophene)), PEDOT:PSS (Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate). Performance Characteristics: Broad absorption spectrum, high charge carrier mobility.

Function: Accepts electrons from the donor, enabling exciton dissociation. Material Examples: PCBM ([6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester), non-fullerene acceptors. Performance Characteristics: High electron mobility, good electron affinity, strong absorption in UV or near-UV region.

Function: Protects the solar cell from environmental factors. Material Examples: Glass, various sealing films. Performance Characteristics: Moisture barrier, transparency, durability.

Function: Enhances charge extraction and provides a barrier for charge recombination. Material Examples: PEDOT:PSS for the anode and LiF/Al for the cathode. Performance Characteristics: Should match the energy levels of adjacent layers, thin (around a few nm), and improve overall device efficiency.