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Critical Path Method (CPM) Fundamentals
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CPM
Critical Path Method, a step-by-step project management technique for process planning that defines critical and non-critical tasks.
Critical Path
The sequence of stages determining the minimum time needed for an operation, especially when analyzed on a computer for a large organization.
Activity Duration
The total time necessary to complete a project task or activity, usually measured in hours, days, or weeks.
Early Start (ES)
The earliest time that a task can begin without constraints, given that all preceding tasks are completed in the sequence defined.
Late Start (LS)
The latest time at which a task can start without delaying the whole project, considering the task’s duration and any dependencies.
Early Finish (EF)
The earliest time by which a task can be completed, assuming it starts on the early start date and proceeds as planned.
Late Finish (LF)
The latest time a task can be completed without delaying the overall project, derived from its late start date and duration.
Float (Slack)
The amount of time that a task can be delayed without causing a delay to subsequent tasks or the overall project completion time.
Forward Pass
A technique used to calculate the early start (ES) and early finish (EF) dates for all activities in the project schedule.
Backward Pass
A method used to calculate the late start (LS) and late finish (LF) dates for all activities, moving from the project end date towards the start.
Critical Activities
Tasks or activities within a project that directly impact the completion date due to their position on the critical path.
Non-Critical Activities
Tasks or activities with float in a project schedule that do not delay the project if they start or finish later than planned.
Total Float
The amount of time that an activity can be delayed from its early start without affecting the planned project finish date.
Free Float
The amount of time that an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start of any immediately following activities.
Project Schedule Network Diagram
A graphical representation of the logical relationships among all the activities within a project.
Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)
A project scheduling technique where activities are represented by nodes and are graphically linked by one or more logical relationships to show the sequence in which the activities are to be performed.
Crashing
A technique used to shorten the schedule duration for the least incremental cost by adding resources to critical path activities.
Fast Tracking
A technique where activities that would normally be done in sequence are performed in parallel for at least a portion of their duration.
Monte Carlo Simulation
A computational technique used to understand the impact of risk and uncertainty in project schedules by simulating the project numerous times to assess possible completion dates.
Resource Leveling
A technique in project management that involves making adjustments to the project schedule to minimize over-allocation or under-allocation of resources.
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