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Essential Culinary Terms

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Al dente

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Pasta or rice that is cooked to be firm to the bite.

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Bain-marie

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A hot water bath used to gently cook food or keep it warm.

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Braising

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A cooking method involving browning food in fat and then simmering it in a small amount of liquid in a covered pot.

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Caramelization

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The browning of sugar, resulting in a distinctive flavor and brown color.

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Chiffonade

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A preparation of shredded or finely cut leafy vegetables, used as a garnish.

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Confit

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Food that is slowly cooked in a liquid in which it is stored, typically fat or sugar syrup.

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Deglaze

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To pour liquid into a hot pan to loosen the remaining bits of food from the bottom.

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Emulsion

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A mixture of two liquids that don't normally combine, often stabilized with an emulsifier.

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Flambé

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A method of cooking that involves igniting alcohol added to food to create a burst of flames.

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Glace

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Stock that is reduced until it forms a thick, syrupy consistency.

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Julienne

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A preparation of food that is cut into short, thin strips.

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Knead

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To work dough with the hands to develop gluten and a uniform texture.

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Macerate

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To soften or become softened by soaking in a liquid, typically used to describe the process with fruit.

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Nappe

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Consistency of a liquid that will coat the back of a spoon.

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Oignon brule

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A burnt onion used for flavoring stocks and sauces.

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Paring knife

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A small, handy knife used for peeling and trimming fruits and vegetables.

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Quenelle

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An oval-shaped dumpling or the presentation of soft food made with two spoons.

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Roux

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A mixture of fat and flour used to thicken sauces, soups, and stews.

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Sauté

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To cook food quickly in a small amount of fat over relatively high heat.

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Tempering

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The process of slowly adding a hot liquid to a cold one to prevent the mixture from curdling.

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Umami

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One of the five basic tastes; a savory and meaty flavor.

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Velouté

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A type of white sauce made from a light stock thickened with a roux.

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Whisk

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A cooking utensil used to blend ingredients smooth, or to incorporate air into a mixture.

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Zest

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The outer peel of citrus fruits used as flavoring.

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Blanch

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To cook food briefly in boiling water followed by immediate cooling in ice water to halt the cooking process.

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Curdle

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When proteins in a liquid coagulate due to heat or the addition of acids, resulting in a lumpy texture.

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Dash

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A small and imprecise amount of an ingredient, often used in reference to liquid additives.

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Fond

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The browned bits and caramelized drippings of meat or vegetables left in a pan after cooking.

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Garnish

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A decorative or flavorful element added to a dish before serving.

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Infuse

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To extract flavor from one ingredient such as herbs, spices, or tea by steeping them in a liquid.

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Larder

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A cool area for storing food prior to use, often a pantry or a cool room.

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Marinate

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To soak food in a seasoned liquid, often containing an acid, to infuse flavor or tenderize.

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Poach

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To cook food gently in simmering liquid just below boiling point.

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Render

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To cook fat out of meat or fish over low heat to use the fat for cooking.

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Sear

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To brown the surface of food in a hot pan or oven to create a flavorful crust.

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Truss

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To tie up a bird or roast with string to hold its shape during cooking.

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Yield

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The amount of food that is produced or the number of servings a recipe makes.

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Bard

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To cover a roast or other meat with thin slices of bacon or fat to prevent it from drying out during cooking.

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Clarify

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To make a liquid clear by removing sediments or solids.

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Degrease

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To remove fat from the surface of a liquid, such as stock, soup, or sauce.

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En papillote

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A method of cooking in which food is put into a folded pouch or parcel and then baked.

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Foam

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A gaseous dispersion in a liquid or solid, as seen with whipped cream or meringues.

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Gluten-free

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A term used to indicate a product or dish without the protein composite gluten, which is found in wheat and related grains.

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Hollandaise

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An emulsion of egg yolk, melted butter, and lemon juice or vinegar, often seasoned with salt, white pepper, and a little cayenne.

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Kosher

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Food prepared in accordance with Jewish dietary laws.

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Mirepoix

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A flavor base made from diced vegetables, usually carrots, celery, and onions; used to add flavor and aroma to stocks, sauces, and soups.

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Non-reactive

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Refers to cooking equipment that does not react chemically with acidic foods.

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Offal

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The organs and entrails of a butchered animal, considered as food.

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Pâté

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A mixture of ground meat and fat, often with other ingredients, that is made into a spreadable paste.

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Silicone spatula

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A baking and cooking tool that can withstand high temperatures, used for scraping and spreading.

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Tourner

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To cut vegetables into oblong, seven-sided football shapes for presentation and even cooking.

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Wok

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A versatile round-bottomed cooking vessel originating from China, used especially in Asian cooking for stir-frying.

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