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Molecular diffusion involves the random movement of molecules, whereas convective mass transfer is the movement of molecules with the flow of the fluid they are in. Example of molecular diffusion: Sugar dissolving in still water. Example of convective mass transfer: Sugar carried away by stirring the water.

Stripping is a mass transfer operation where impurities are removed from a liquid by passing a gas through it. Example: Removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wastewater.

Henry's Law states that the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid, represented by $C = k_H \cdot P$, where $C$ is the concentration of the dissolved gas, $k_H$ is Henry's law constant, and $P$ is the partial pressure of the gas.

Membrane separation utilizes semi-permeable membranes to separate components in a mixture based on differences in permeability. Example: Reverse osmosis for desalination of seawater.

Mass transfer coefficient is a measure of the mass transfer rate of a species per unit area to a fluid across a phase boundary, often used in the context of convective mass transfer. Example: Oxygen transfer from air to blood in the lungs.

The Rayleigh Equation relates the amount of material distilled to the compositions of the residue and distillate, represented by

Sherwood Number is a dimensionless number used in mass transfer, representing the ratio of convective to diffusive mass transfer rates, and is given by

Distillation is a mass transfer process of separating components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Example: Separation of ethanol from water in the production of spirits.

Absorption is the process in which a substance captures and transforms energy or particles from a substance. Example: Removal of CO2 from industrial gases using a solvent like water or amine solutions.

Two-film Theory describes mass transfer across a phase boundary considering a stagnant film on each side of the interface where all resistance to mass transfer occurs. Example: Absorption of a gas into a liquid where each has its own respective film resistance.

The McCabe-Thiele Method is a graphical design technique used to determine the number of theoretical stages required for binary distillation. Example: The separation of ethanol and water in a distillation column.

Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, driven by a concentration gradient. Example: The spreading of a perfume scent in the air.

Fick's First Law quantifies diffusion, stating that the molar flux due to diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient, represented by

In mass transfer operations, an equilibrium stage is where the mass transfer between phases occurs until equilibrium is reached. Example: Each tray in a distillation column represents an equilibrium stage.