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Function: Directs vapor flow within the column. Brief Description: A pipe or conduit that carries vapor from one part of the column to another or to external equipment.

Function: Accumulates condensed liquid from condenser. Brief Description: A vessel that holds the condensed liquid before part of it is sent back to the column as reflux.

Function: Enhances contact between phases. Brief Description: A perforated plate that allows the passage of vapor through the liquid on the tray.

Function: Condenses vapor from the top of the column into liquid. Brief Description: Heat exchanger located at the top that removes heat from the vapors to form liquids.

Function: Distributes vapors through the liquid on the tray. Brief Description: A device on fractionating trays with slotted, cap-like coverings that force vapor to bubble through the liquid.

Function: Evenly disperses the liquid over the packing. Brief Description: A device used in packed columns to distribute the liquid feed over the packing material.

Function: Introduces the feed to the column. Brief Description: A tray placed at the feed point to allow the mixture to spread evenly across the column.

Function: Allows liquid to flow across trays. Brief Description: Small openings in trays that prevent accumulation of liquid by letting it pass to the tray below.

Function: Provides the necessary vaporization for the distillation process. Brief Description: A heat exchanger that adds heat to the bottom of the column to generate vapors.

Function: Increases surface area for mass transfer. Brief Description: Substances such as rings or saddles used in packed columns to provide a surface for vapor and liquid to interact.

Function: Promotes intimate contact between vapor and liquid. Brief Description: A series of trays stacked vertically within the column where mass transfer between phases occurs.

Function: Guides liquid down the column. Brief Description: A channel or chute that allows the liquid to flow from one tray to the one below.

Function: Removes entrainment from the vapor stream. Brief Description: A mesh or pad located above the top tray to capture liquid droplets from the vapor.

Function: Ensures proper reboiler operation. Brief Description: A circulating loop that uses density differences to move liquid from the column bottom to the reboiler and back without a pump.