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Causes: Uniform exposure to corrosive medium. Effects: Even material loss over the entire surface. Prevention: Protective coatings and corrosion inhibitors.

Causes: Preferential removal of one element from an alloy, typically in a corrosive environment. Effects: Weakening of the material structure, loss of mechanical properties. Prevention: Use of more homogeneous or noble alloys and cathodic protection.

Causes: Penetration of moisture under a coating, typically at scratches or defects. Effects: Thread-like corrosion that undermines the coating. Prevention: Use of high-quality coatings, proper surface preparation, and moisture control.

Causes: Concentration of caustic substances near metal surfaces under tensile stress. Effects: Cracking and failure of the material, especially at high temperatures. Prevention: Controlling boiler water chemistry, addition of phosphates, and using less susceptible materials.

Causes: Combination of tensile stress and a corrosive environment. Effects: Cracking along stress points, often in high tensile strength materials. Prevention: Stress relief treatments, careful material selection, and controlled environments.

Causes: Contact between two dissimilar metals in a corrosive electrolyte. Effects: Accelerated corrosion of the more anodic material. Prevention: Use metals close together on the galvanic series, insulate metals, or apply protective coatings.

Causes: Absorption of hydrogen by metal, often during acid pickling or electroplating. Effects: Metal becomes brittle and fractures. Prevention: Post-plating heat treatment, careful control of plating bath chemistry, and use of less susceptible materials.

Causes: Accelerated corrosion due to the relative movement of a corrosive fluid and a metal surface. Effects: Loss of material, increased roughness, and ultimate failure of parts. Prevention: Use of harder materials, streamlining to reduce turbulence, and use of corrosion inhibitors.

Causes: Formation and implosion of bubbles in a liquid close to a metal surface. Effects: Pitting, material loss, and surface degradation. Prevention: Design modifications to reduce velocity and pressure changes, use of cavitation-resistant materials.

Causes: Chemical reactions between metals and gases at high temperatures. Effects: Oxidation, sulfidation, or carburization leading to loss of mechanical strength. Prevention: Use of alloys resistant to high-temperature corrosion and coatings such as aluminizing.

Causes: Occurs at or close to the grain boundaries of a metal. Effects: Deterioration of the grain boundaries, often in stainless steel. Prevention: Use of low-carbon steels and stabilizing elements such as titanium or niobium.

Causes: Occurs in shielded areas where stagnant solution is present. Effects: Localized attack similar to pitting but in a crevice. Prevention: Use of non-absorbent gaskets and proper drainage design to prevent stagnant water.

Causes: Repeated relative motion between two contacting surfaces under load. Effects: Wear, material loss, and initiation of fatigue cracks. Prevention: Use of lubricants, protective coatings, and designs to minimize relative motion.

Causes: Exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) environment under tensile stress. Effects: Brittle cracking, usually without significant prior deformation. Prevention: Use of low-stress designs, NACE material standards, and environmental controls.

Causes: Localized breakdown of protective coatings, often in chloride environments. Effects: Formation of small, deep pits leading to structural failure. Prevention: Use of pit-resistant materials, such as high alloyed stainless steel and proper design to avoid crevices.

Causes: Activities of microorganisms on metal surfaces. Effects: Localized or uniform corrosion, leading to material failure. Prevention: Biocides, material selection, and controlled operational practices.

Causes: Corrosion due to a difference in concentration of ions in the electrolyte. Effects: Formation of corrosion at anodic areas where concentration is lower. Prevention: Consistent mixing of the solution, protective coatings, and inhibitors.

Causes: Chemical reactions between metals and substances in the atmosphere. Effects: Rust and patina formation, leading to cosmetic and structural damage. Prevention: Protective coatings, design modifications to prevent moisture retention, and use of corrosion-resistant materials.

Causes: Exposure to a liquid metal that penetrates the grain boundaries. Effects: Rapid and severe loss of ductility and brittleness of the affected metal. Prevention: Careful selection of materials to avoid those combinations known to cause embrittlement.