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A set of guidelines aimed at designing products and processes that minimize environmental impacts and maximize sustainability. Application: Applying these principles throughout the product lifecycle, from material selection to end-of-life disposal.

A measure of the efficiency of a reaction, in terms of atoms used in the final product. Higher atom economy is more sustainable as it reduces waste. Application: Designing synthesis pathways that maximize the incorporation of all materials used into the final product.

Monitoring and controlling chemical processes in real time to prevent the formation of harmful substances. Application: Employing sensors and control systems to adjust the process conditions immediately upon detection of undesirable by-products.

Creating chemicals that can degrade into innocuous substances after use. Application: Engineering materials, especially polymers, that break down under certain environmental conditions to non-harmful byproducts.

Implementing catalysts that increase reaction efficiency and selectivity to decrease waste. Application: Using catalysts that enable reactions under milder conditions and with higher yields.

Creating chemicals that, while effective, have minimal toxicity and environmental impact. Application: Structurally modifying harmful chemicals to reduce their inherent hazards while retaining their utility.

Seeking to minimize the energy consumption of chemical processes to reduce environmental impact. Application: Implementing low-energy techniques such as ambient temperature and pressure conditions in reactions.

Minimizing the use of ancillary substances and derivatives which can generate waste. Application: Designing simpler synthetic routes that do not require protected groups or multiple steps involving derivatives.

Designing processes to be inherently less hazardous to prevent accidents. Application: Using non-toxic and non-volatile reagents where possible and designing processes that reduce the potential for chemical releases or explosions.

Developing synthetic methods that are less harmful to human health and the environment. Application: Choosing synthesis pathways that avoid toxic intermediates and reduce the potential for chemical exposure.

Using raw materials that are renewable rather than depleting finite resources. Application: Developing processes that use biomass or biodegradable substances as starting materials.