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Heat Transfer Mechanisms
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Radiation
The transfer of heat in the form of electromagnetic waves, without the need for a medium. This process is how the sun's energy reaches the Earth. Examples: Sunlight warming the ground, heat from a fire.
Conduction
The transfer of heat through a material without the material itself moving. It occurs due to the temperature gradient and interactions among particles within the material. Examples: Heat moving through a metal rod from a hot end to a cold end, cooking on a stovetop.
Convection
The transfer of heat by the physical movement of a fluid (liquid or gas). This can be natural due to buoyancy effects or forced by an external means like a pump or a fan. Examples: Boiling water, forced air heating system.
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