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AC Circuit Fundamentals
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Real Power
The average power actually used or dissipated in an AC circuit, measured in watts (W).
Phase Difference
The measure of how much one waveform is ahead of or behind another, measured in degrees or radians.
Phasor
A complex number or vector representation of a sinusoidal function, used to simplify calculations in AC circuits analysis.
Frequency
The number of cycles per unit time in an AC signal, measured in hertz (Hz).
Alternating Current (AC)
An electric current that periodically reverses direction, unlike direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction.
Impedance
The total opposition that a circuit offers to the flow of alternating current, including both resistance and reactance, measured in ohms ().
Power Factor
The ratio of the real power flowing to the load to the apparent power in the circuit, a measure of the effectiveness of power usage.
Root Mean Square (RMS) Value
The effective value of an AC current or voltage, equivalent to the DC value that would produce the same power.
Inductive Reactance
The opposition that an inductor presents to a change in current, increasing as the frequency increases.
Reactive Power
The power in an AC circuit that oscillates back and forth between the source and the reactive components, measured in reactive volt-amperes (VAR).
Resonance in AC Circuits
The condition that occurs when the inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are equal and cancel each other out, causing a maximum current.
Apparent Power
The product of the RMS values of voltage and current, representing the total power in the AC circuit, measured in volt-amperes (VA).
Period
The time taken for one complete cycle of an AC waveform, measured in seconds.
Amplitude
The maximum value of the voltage or current in an AC signal.
Capacitive Reactance
The opposition that a capacitor presents to a change in voltage, decreasing as the frequency increases.
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